Civilization biorefineries

Civilization biorefineries processing all types of organic wastes from municipals (household wastes, wastewater), food industry restaurants, grocery stores, etc. 

Civilization Biorefineries Efficient Utilization of Residue-Based Bioresources... 

Basic Needs for Prevalent Implementation of Steps Toward Civilization Biorefineries 334... 

Since fossil raw materials are becoming scarce, biogenic residues are more and more not only a topic of disposal but also of utilization. A civilization biorefinery defines a system for the fullest possible and efficient utilization of such bioresources for energetic and substantial application purposes. The civilization biorefinery is still a vision today, but examples exist, which demonstrate their potential and steps into realization Section 4.3. ... 

Note Not all plants can be considered as a primary bioresource. Examples are plants from parks and gardens which have primarily a recreational function.They are assigned to secondary or tertiary bioresources (Chapter 7, Section 2.2.3 and Section 2.2.4).The primeval forest plants are not primary bioresources either, because they are not grown for an application-oriented purpose. The same is true for wild living and pet animals. Primary bioresources are not considered as substrates for civilization biorefineries, but for the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd generation biorefineries. However, processing of primary bioresources should be closely connected within the system of a civilization biorefinery. 

Figure 7.6 Principal setup and elements of a civilization biorefinery.

Knowledge on the local bioresources is a precondition to establish civilization biorefinery networks. Gathering and documenting comprehensive and reliable information within the bioresource inventory is a big challenge. Region-specific evaluations have to consider regarding types, amounts, properties, and pathways of local bioresources (e.g.. Chapter 7, Section 4.3.2). 

Energy and material products are output of a civilization biorefinery. Examples of products and product options are shown in Figure 7.11. Precursors are intermediates for further transformations into energetic or material products. 

Three exemplary case studies were chosen which contain elements important for the realization of civilization biorefinery systems ... 

Efficient utilization of residues and waste from rural urban areas is a global challenge. In order to transform regions into civilization biorefineries many factors and many stakeholders have to be considered (Figure 7.16). 

The civilization biorefinery will be a network of integrated systems. All solutions will be site-specific, the actual situation and future developments have been taken into consideration and have to be described. Based on improved material flow steering, advanced technologies and networking scenarios for situation improvements have to be developed and evaluated with respect to the specific situation. Following major steps are necessary... 

Figure 7.16 Sectors and stakeholder involved in establishing systems toward civilization biorefineries.

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