Behaviour social

Effects in the adult In the adult, testosterone maintains spermatogenesis. It also influences sexual interest, arousal and behaviour. Nonetheless, although testosterone plays a role in sexual behaviour, social, environmental and emotional factors are also important. Indeed, neither testosterone in the male nor oestradiol in the female is essential for sexual interactions in humans. 

In the reviews cited in this chapter there is often some breakdown of findings into those relating to heroin use, criminality, HIV-risk behaviours, social rehabilitation and nonopiate abuse. We have noted that crime was one of the earliest indicators in methadone treatment, while the wider range of outcomes is formalized in drug misuse rating instruments such as the Opiate Treatment Index (Darke et al. 1992a). The main areas in which methadone treatment has been found to be of substantial benefit are indicated in Table 1.3. 

Vaughan, D. (1982) Transaction Systems and Unlawful Organisational Behaviour , Social Problems 29/4 373-9. 

The problems posed by polymers in the environment are not solely, or even mainly, technical. Instead, they concern both politics and the behaviour of individuals within society. Litter, for example, is a social problem if specific individuals did not choose selfishly to discard their rubbish where they stood in the street, at the picnic site, or on the beach, there would be no litter. However, people do not behave for the common good but, sadly, generally favour the selfish option and such antisocial behaviour must be taken account of in any scheme for reducing the impact of polymers on the environment. 

Duit, R., Treagust, D. F. (1998). Learning in science - from behaviourism towards social constructivism and beyond. In B. J. Fraser K. G. Tobin (Eds.), International handbook of science education (Vol. 1, pp. 3-25). Dordrecht, The Netherlands Kluwer Academic Publishers. 

Creating a set of reasons for becoming involved in other forms of risk taking and anti-social behaviour, e.g. climbing, canoeing, surfing, theft, vandalism and so on. 

People with dementia and their carers require access to a variety of health and social care services for treatment, information and counselling, community-based support, respite care and long-term residential care. Treatment may include behavioural therapies (e.g. reality orientation, cognitive stimulation and validation therapy) or pharmacological treatment with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. 

Most of these models evaluate the effects of drugs on the behaviour of animals when they are exposed to a novel environment. Novelty normally reduces animals exploratory activity but established anti-anxiety drugs consistently increase exploration of, and approaches to, the novel stimulus and reduce the neophobic ( avoidance ) reaction. There are several examples of tests based on this principle (Table 19.2) but two that are widely used are the plus-maze and the social interaction tests. 

Chance, M.R.A. A peeuliar form of social behavior induced in mice by amphetamine. Behaviour 1 60-70, 1946a. 

Kjellberg, B., and Randrup, A. The effects of amphetamine and pimozide, a neuroleptie, on the social behaviour of vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus sp.). In Vinar, 0. Votaya. Z. and Bradley, P.B., eds. Advances in Neuropsychopharmacology. Amsterdam-London North Holland Publishing Co., 1971. pp. 305-310. 

Kjellberg, B., and Randrup, A. Disruption of social behaviour of vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus) by low doses of amphetamines. Pharmakopsychiatrie 6 287-293, 1973. 

Poschlova N. Masek, K. and Krsiak, M. Amphetamine-like effects of 5,6dihydroxytryptamine on social behaviour in the mouse. Neuropharmacology 16 317-321, 1977. 

Outside the uterus, oxytocin has long been known to be essential for milk secretion. In recent years, however, there has also been a growing body of evidence that oxytocin plays a role in the brain in modulation of maternal, sexual and social behaviour. 

Evans C.S. and Goy R.W. (1968). Social behaviour and reproductive cycles in captive Ring-tailed lemurs, Lemur catta. J Zool 156, 171-197. 

Russell E. (1984). Social behaviour and organisation of marsupials. Mammal Rev 14, 101-154. 

Bull, E.J., Hutson, P.H., and Fone, K.C., Decreased social behaviour following 3,4-methylene-dioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is accompanied by changes in 5-HT2A receptor responsivity, Neuropharmacology 46(2), 202-210, 2004. 

There is a wide range of treatment options provided by the social services and/or medical agencies. The most successful approaches are multi-component. They involve a psychosocial element to increase the appropriate life skills and a drug component to handle the immediate problems of drug withdrawal. Counselling and other behavioural therapies are useful components of most treatment programmes (Epstein et al., 2003). 

Excessive confidence inflated self-esteem impulsive decisions leading to reckless behaviour, poor judgement, reduced inhibitions disruptive social behaviours, such as financial extravagance, impulsive travel to exotic locations (by first-class travel, naturally) heightened sexual activity. 

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