Ternary polymer complex

Before the complex once formed is completely destroyed, the third polymer component interacts with the first complex involving partial replacement to form a ternary polymer complex. Then, finally, the first polymer component is... 

In the open system, the complex once formed is dissociated into two component polymers according to the changes in environmental factors, and then a different pair of component polymers forms another type of complex. On the contrary, in a closed system, before the complex is completely destroyed, the third component polymer interacts with the complex to form a ternary polymer complex, and the first component polymer is dissociated from the ternary complex. In the closed system, the substitution reaction, especially the releasing process of the first component polymer, seems to be accelerated when the interaction force between a parent polymer matrix chain and the third component polymer chain is stronger. 

The results of another substitution reaction of the 2X-POE-PMAA system are shown in Fig. 12.9. The POE-PMAA complex and the 2X-PMAA complex are preferably formed in the low or high pH region, respectively, as shown from turbidity measurements in Fig. 12.9b in the intermediate pH region the 2X-POE-PMAA ternary polymer complex is formed since the turbidity is very low but still higher than that of each polymer component (see Fig. 12.9a). Thus, in the 2X-POE-PMAA system a substitution reaction takes place through a closed system. The decrease in the yield of the precipitation of the ternary polymer complex is well explained by the following scheme ... 

The behaviour of ternary systems consisting of two polymers and a solvent depends largely on the nature of interactions between components (1-4). Two types of limiting behaviour can be observed. The first one occurs in non-polar systems, where polymer-polymer interactions are very low. In such systems a liquid-liquid phase separation is usually observed each liquid phase contains almost the total quantity of one polymer species. The second type of behaviour often occurs in aqueous polymer solutions. The polar or ionic water-soluble polymers can interact to form macromolecular aggregates, occasionally insoluble, called "polymer complexes". Examples are polyanion-polycation couples stabilized through electrostatic interactions, or polyacid-polybase couples stabilized through hydrogen bonds. 

Fu L., Zhang H., Wang S., Meng Q., Yang K. and Ni J. Preparation and luminescence properties of the ternary europium complex incorporated into an inorganic/polymer matrix by a sol-gel method, J. Sol-Gel Set. Technol. 15 (1999) pp. 49-55. 

A recent study has explored the potential of the ternary complex formed between a poly(p-cyclodextrin) (formed by polycondensation of p-cyclodextrin), a cationic surfactant (dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride), and a polyanion in water, to act as a delivery system for gene therapy,using a combination of viscometric and SANS studies as well as visual observations to determine the macroscopic and microscopic properties of the complexes. In the study, sodium dextran sulfate was used as a substitute for DNA. The potential advantages of the use of such ternary complexes over the more commonly investigated DNA-lipid or polymer complexes (lipoplexes and poly-plexes, respectively) include a high water solubility of the resulting complex (lipoplexes and polyplexes often... 

Bonneviot L, Clause O, Che M, Manceau A, Dexpert H (1989b) EXAFS characterization of the adsorption sites of nickel ammine and ethyldiamine complexes on a silica surface. Catalysis Today 6 39-46 Bomebusch H, Clausen BS, Steffensen G, Liitzenkirchen-Hecht D, Frahm R (1999) A new approach for QEXAFS data acquisition. J Synchrotron Rad 6 209-211 Bostick BC, Fendorf S, Barnett MO, Jardine PM, Brooks SC (2002) Uranyl surface complexes formed on subsurface media from DOE facilities. Soil Sci Soc Am J (2002) 66 99-108 Bottero JY, Manceau A, Villieras F, Tchoubar D (1994) Structure and mechanisms of formation of iron oxide hydroxide (chloride) polymers. Langmuir 10 316-319 Bourg ACM, Joss S, Schindler PW, (1979) Ternary surface complexes 2. Complex formation in the system silica-Cu(II)-2,2 bipyridyl . Chimia 33 19-21... 

An attempt to improve the defect has been made by the addition of HPC or polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) which removed the defect of diazepam (Fig. 14.12). Likewise, Loftsson et al. have reported the enhancement of oral drug bioavailability as a result of the combined action of CyD complexation and water-soluble polymers such as HPC or PVP. The enhancement is caused by an increase in the apparent stability constant of the drug/CyD complexes via the formation of ternary drug/CyD/polymer complexes [83]. 

Keywords Cydodextrins complexation, ternary cyclodextrin complexes, lipophilic drugs, water-soluble polymers... 

The use of water-soluble polymers in ternary CD complexes has also been utilized for controlling the rate of release of drug from cyclodextrin formulation. It seems that ternary complexes consisting of polymers as ternary component with low viscosity (PVP) tend to dissolve rapidly [25], while polymers with matrix-forming property (HPMC) lead to sustained drug release [26] in comparison to corresponding binary systems. 

In recent years, studies of solutions of polymer blends and of copolymers have aroused a substantial theoretical and experimental interest. This is motivated by both numerous applications and more fundamental issues concerning the usefulness of the scaling and universality concepts to describe the thermodynamic properties and the phase transitions in these systems. In this lecture, chain interactions in dilute and semidilute solutions are reviewed and it is discussed how and when the interactions between chemically different monomers lead to a macroscopic phase separation in the case of ternary polymer A-polymer B- solvent systems and to a mesophase formation in diblock-copolymer solutions. The important conclusion is that due to both the overall monomer concentration fluctuations (excluded volume effects) and the composition fluctuations, the classical Flory theory often fails. This requires the use of the renormalization method and of scaling concepts to give a correct description of the phase diagrams and the critical phenomena observed in these complex systems. We give only here a brief outline, a complete review has been published elsewhere, ... 

The polarographic method has been used to determine the stability constants and kinetic parameters of ternary complexes of Zn(II) with L-lysine, L-omithine, L-serine, L-phenylglycine, L-phenylalanine, L-glutamic acid, and L-aspartic acid as primary ligands and picoline as secondary ligand at pH 8.5 [103] and also of zinc complexation by extracellular polymers extracted from activated sludge [104]. 

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