Ternary diagram types

Figure 6 Winsor s three ternary diagram types.

FIG. 15-9 Hand-type ternary diagram for water-acetic acid-methyl isohiityl ketone. 

Frequently, ternary solvent systems are resorted to. Examples are water-propylene glycol-benzyl alcohol and water-propylene glycol-ethanol. In such cases the solubility profile is usually presentable by a ternary diagram [12]. This type of diagram usually demands a fair amount of work that is, solubility of the drug substance in many solvent compositions must... 

The chemistry of the Ebro River basin surface water can be classified using ternary diagrams (Piper diagrams, not shown). The main characteristics of the surface water of the Ebro River can be mainly summarised as Ca-SCL water type, some data plot in the Ca-HCC>3 field, they reflect water draining the upper part of the basin. In the Ebro surface waters, Ca varies from 30% up to 80% of the X 1 while Mg fluctuates from 5% up to 40% of the X+. The total concentration major cations (X+ = Ca2+ + Mg2+ + Na+ + K+) ranges from 3.4 to 11.5 meq L 1 with a mean value of 7.4 1.6 meq L-1 upstream in Mendavia, from 5.9 to 17.9 5 meq L-1 with a mean value of 10.8 2.5 meq L 1 downstream in Tortosa with a pick in Sastago (mean value X+ = 16.0 6.6 meq L ). These data are... 

Binary data can be represented with a T—x diagram that shows the mutual solubility as function of temperature. Most of the binary systems belong to one of the classes in Fig. 10.1. For ternary systems, experimental data are usually obtained at constant temperature and given in ternary diagrams. There are many types of systems, but more than 95% belong to one of the two classes shown in Fig. 10.1. 

The ternary diagram (Fig. 6.14) is essentially the PZT binary diagram extended to take account of additions of a relaxor of the type Pb(B B")03. 

Finally, we note that type (4 ) behavior also can be discussed in terms of the appropriate ternary diagram and we have done so in an earlier report (18). However, since we did not observe this type of phase relationship in our present study, we will not pursue this point here. 

Figure 1. Ternary diagram with standardized and scaled Ti, Al, K, and Na elemental abundances for lithic materials from the archaeological sites in southern Portugal. Graywacke, chert, and feldspar rock types are...

Dror and Manassen [82] stated that the reaction depends on the alkene solubility in the aqueous phase and that a co-solvent should be helpful. This leads to the recommendation of co-solvents (e. g. [29, 35, 75, 81]). Delmas, Jenck and coworkers [83] investigated the influence of co-solvents or hydrogen on alkene (oc-tene) solubility in the aqueous phase, using predicted liquid/liquid equilibria within the frame of a thermodynamie model. The distinction of two types (A and B) of ternary diagrams, depending on the slope of the lines, with various oc-tene-in-water and water-in-organic phases, explains the ambiguous statements in the literature about the effectivity of solvents. 

Discuss geological and biological factors of oil composition formation. Describe the ternary diagram showing the composition of six classes of crude oils and give the main types of chemical compounds. 

The phase behavior of microemulsions is complex and depends on a number of parameters, including the types and concentrations of surfactants, cosolvents, hydrocarbons, brine salinity, temperature, and to a much lesser degree, pressure. There is no universal equation of state even for a simple microemulsion. Therefore, phase behavior for a particular microemulsion system has to be measured experimentally. The phase behavior of microemulsions is typically presented using a ternary diagram and empirical correlations such as Hand s rule. 

In a type 111 system, a left lobe or right lobe microemulsion cannot coexist with the middle-phase microemulsion. The total composition determines the existence of a lobe or the middle-phase microemulsion. Gary A. Pope (Personal communication on Febraary 17, 2009) pointed out that, as a practical matter, we rarely measure a sufficient number of points in the ternary system to clearly define two-phase and three-phase regions. When cosolvent and/or Ca is used, or when soap forms, a ternary diagram does not accurately represent the phase behavior. When typical salinity scans at WOR = 1 and a low surfactant concentration are performed, almost aU the cases in a type III environment will be three phases. So there is little, if any, practical issue involved in a typical phase behavior experiment. 

This section describes how to use Hand s rule to represent binodal curves and tie lines. The surfactant-oil-water phase behavior can be represented as a function of effective salinity after the binodal curves and tie lines are described. Binodal curves and tie lines can be described by Hand s rule (Hand, 1939), which is based on the empirical observation that equilibrium phase concentration ratios are straight lines on a log-log scale. Figures 7.15a and 7.15b show the ternary diagram for a type II(-) environment with equilibrium phases numbered 2 and 3 and the corresponding Hand plot, respectively. The line segments AP and PB represent the binodal curve portions for phase 2 and phase 3, respectively, and the curve CP represents the tie line (distribntion cnrve) of the indicated components between the two phases. Cy is the concentration (volnme fraction) of component i in phase) (i or j = 1, 2, or 3), and 1, 2, and 3 represent water, oil, and microemulsion, respectively. As the salinity is increased, the type of microemulsion is changed from type II(-) to type III to type II(-i-). C, represents the total amount of composition i. 

If the temperature is now increased to 82.2°C, the oil-propane binary mixture develops an LV region on the oil-propane axis of the ternary phase diagram and an LLV region appears in the interior of the ternary phase diagram. The three-phase behavior in this ternary diagram is similar to type-II ternary phase behavior described in chapter 3. The LLV behavior occurs because we are in close proximity to the critical point of propane. The degree of separation appears to have improved at this temperature for asphalt-oil feed mixtures which are at least about 60% asphalt. 

In Japan, clinoptilolite is the commonest zeolite formed from altered pyroclastics. Four modes of occurrence have been found, replacement of vitric materials and precipitation in interstitial voids being predominant. By chemical analyses, clinoptilolite is classified into 3 types, Ca-, Na-, and K-type. In a ternary diagram of Ca(Mg), Na, and K, the field of clinoptilolite is not overlapped by that of heulandite. The x-ray powder profiles of clinoptilolites resemble that of heulandite, but their thermal behavior differs. When heated to 250°C, heulandite changes to heulandite-B this transition is not observed in clinoptilolite. Furthermore, the thermal behavior of Ca-clinoptilolite differs from alkali-clinoptilolite. This may be attributed to the difference of dehydration between Ca-clinoptilolite and alkali-clinoptilolite, which seems to depend on the atomic ratio of Ca and alkalies. 

FIG. 2 Laccase catalytic activity in different phases (reverse micellar—L2, lamellar—D, and reverse hexagonal—F) of the ternary diagram for the AOT-water-octane system presented in Fig. 1. (From Ref. 2.) The a and b catalytic profiles were measured in the ternary mixtures corresponding to some cross-sections of a and type, respectively (Fig. 1). The dashed line shows the catal5dic activity of laccase in aqueous solution. 

In type I phase behavior, an Si type of aqueous micellar sj tem (and its extension to an O/W microemulsion when swollen micelles occur or to a percolated microemulsion if a large amount of oil is solubilized in the micellar core) is in equilibrium with almost pure oil. This is the phase behavior exhibited in the polyphasic region of the so-called Winsor I ternary diagram. This phase behavior has also been labeled 2, since it appears as two phases with the surfactant-rich phase being the water or lower phase. 

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