Ternary phase behavior

Hill, R. M. Li, X. Davis, H. T. Ternary Phase Behavior of Mixtures of Siloxane Surfactants, Silicone Oils, and Water. In Silicone Surfactants-, Hill, R. M., Ed. Surfactant Science Series Dekker New York, 1999 Vol. 86, Chapter 12, pp 314-348. 

The temperature dependence of ternary phase behavior can be described by affixing a new axis perpendicular to the composition triangle to obtain a three-dimensional triangular prism ... 

Figure 3A.1 demonstrates that the PR equation is a good prediction of the ternary phase behavior. This is noteworthy because the model only includes binary parameters. No additional tuning was performed to do the ternary predictions. 

Marangoni, A.G., and Lcnki, R.W. (1998). Ternary phase behavior of milkfat fraction. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry. 46 3879-3884. 

The phase boundary lines for supercritical ethane at 250 and 350 bar are shown in Figure 2. The surfactant was found to be only slightly soluble in ethane below 200 bar at 37 C, so that the ternary phase behavior was studied at higher pressures where the AOT/ethane binary system is a single phase. As pressure is increased, more water is solubilized in the micelle core and larger micelles can exist in the supercritical fluid continuous phase. The maximum amount of water solubilized in the supercritical ethane-reverse micelle phase is relatively low, reaching a W value of 4 at 350 bar. 

Type II Ternary (Liquid-Liquid-Fluid). Type II ternary phase behavior is characterized by the appearance within the P-x prism of the L-L-V region (13), which does not extend to the sides of the prism, each side depicting the P-x behavior of a constituent binary, as schematically shown in Figure 5c. At pressures below the critical pressure of the SCF component, two liquid phases appear along with an L-L-V region and expand considerably with increasing pressure. At pressures above the mixture critical pressure of the SCF component and one liquid component, the L-L-V region disappears and the phase behavior becomes identical with that for a type I ternary system. 

A schematic representation of type-I ternary phase behavior is shown in figure 3.29. The three diagrams in this figure represent mixtures at a fixed temperature slightly higher than the critical temperature of the SCF but at three different pressures. The distinguishing feature of type-I ternary phase behavior is the absence of LLV immiscibility regions within the ternary... 

The distinguishing feature of type-III ternary phase behavior is that the binary A-B mixture already shows liquid-liquid immiscibility at very low pressures (see figure 3.33a). As SCF is added to the A-B mixture, a very large LEV... 

The methyl ethyl ketone (MEK)-water-ethylene system exhibits type-III ternary phase behavior, as shown in figure 3.34. Elgin and Weinstock (1959) use this phase behavior as a basis for a proposed single-stage process for dehydrating MEK-water mixtures using supercritical ethylene. 

Although the classification of ternary phase behavior is described here at a fixed temperature, it is important to remember that a single ternary system can exhibit all three types of phase behaviors as the temperature of the system changes. Based on our classification of binary phase behavior, type-I ternary phase behavior above the critical temperature of the SCF solvent may revert to type-II or type-III ternary phase behavior if the operating temperature and pressure are adjusted to values near the critical point of the SCF solvent. 

Kohn, Luks, and coworkers have compiled an extensive body of information on the binary and ternary phase behavior for mixtures consisting of normal hydrocarbons ranging from Cj through C36 with CO2, N2, and various alcohols (Kim et al., 1967 Kohn, 1967 Rodrigues and Kohn, 1967 Rodrigues, McCaffrey, and Kohn, 1968 Wagner, McCaffrey, and Kohn, 1968 Huie, Luks, and Kohn, 1973 Zarah, Luks, and Kohn, 1974 Yang, Luks, and Kohn,... 

If the temperature is now increased to 82.2°C, the oil-propane binary mixture develops an LV region on the oil-propane axis of the ternary phase diagram and an LLV region appears in the interior of the ternary phase diagram. The three-phase behavior in this ternary diagram is similar to type-II ternary phase behavior described in chapter 3. The LLV behavior occurs because we are in close proximity to the critical point of propane. The degree of separation appears to have improved at this temperature for asphalt-oil feed mixtures which are at least about 60% asphalt. 

Figure 7.3 Ternary phase behavior of the asphalt-oil-propane mixture at three different temperatures (Wilson, Keith, and Haylett, 1936).

Figure 14. Ternary phase behavior of n-propanol-water-C02 at 15 °C and 750 psia. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. 10. Copyright 1986 Butterworths.)...

Pluronic 25R4 has the structure (PO)i9(EO)33(PO)i9, and has similar ternary phase behavior in water/p-xylene as Pluronic L64 which has the opposite block sequence and a comparable molecular weight (see above). At 25 °C the 25R4/wa-ter/p-xylene ternary phase diagram exhibits the same phases as L64 [142]. Again, the phase diagram is dominated by two and... 

Figures 33 to 35 show the ternary phase behaviors of sodium octanoate with decanol, octyl aldehyde (octanal), and methyl octanoate.

The preparation, uses, and physieal chemistry of silicone siufactants have been described in a well-known reference [38], focusing on silicone polyoxyalkylene copolymers. This book explores many aspects of SPEs as surfactants, like interfacial processes, surface viscoelasticity, and aggregation, explains the imusual wetting behavior of the trisiloxane surfactants and the ternary phase behavior of mixtures of silicone siufactants with water and silicone oils. That is why we only try to emphasize some newer insights into the subject, reported mainly after year 2000. 

Based on the interaction parameters for the mixing rules obtained from the binary subsystems, the ternary phase behavior has been modeled by inter- and extrapolation of the interaction parameters. Because of lack of suflicient experimental data, extrapolation is considered to be the only option in some cases, although it obviously wiU introduce errors. Table 14.7 shows the interaction parameters of the various mixing rules used for the prediction of the ternary phase behavior, whereas the resulting partition coefficients per isothermal series... 

FIGURE 4.26 Schematic pseudo-ternary phase behavior. B,0,and S designate brine, oil,... 

Giesebnan MB, Reynolds JR (1993) Aramid and imidazole based polyelectrolytes— physical-properties and ternary phase-behavior with poly (benzobisthiazole) in methanesulphonic-acid. Macromolecules 26 5633-5642... 

Kombluh RD, Pelrine R, Joseph J et al (1999) High-field eleetiostriction of elastomeric polymer dielectrics for actuation. Proc SPIE 3669 149-161 Krishnan AS, Vargantwar PH, Ghosh TK et al (2011) Electroactuation of solvated triblock copolymer dielectric elastomers decoupling the roles of mechanical prestrain and specimen thickness. J Polym Sci B Polym Phys 49 1569-1582 Krishnan AS, Smith SD, Spontak RJ (2012) Ternary phase behavior of a triblock copolymer in the presence of an endblock-selective homopolymer and a midblock-selective oil. Macromolecules 45 6056-6067... 

Gieselman, M.B., Reynolds, J.R. (1993) Atamid and imidazole based polyelectrolytes physical properties and ternary phase behavior with poly(benzobisthiazole) in methane-sulfonic acid. Macromolecules, 26, 5633-5642. 

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