Ternary development

The resistance of Pdg3Ag2Aui5 and Pd74Agi4Aui2 to bulk sulfide formation was more recently reported by Braun [21]. After exposure to 1000 ppm H2S/H2 for 30 h, neither ternary developed a bulk sulfide surface S (confined to 40 run) was detected only by XPS depth profile. At 400 °C, both alloys exhibited clean-H2 permeability similar to that of pure Pd. Upon exposure to 100 ppm H2S at 400 °C, both lost 70% of their pure H2 permeability, but recovered most of that when the H2S was removed [55]. Recovery is consistent with the absence of a bulk sulfide scale. Performance in H2S was in the range that might be expected for PdAu with Au from 4% to 26%. 

The first semiconductor lasers, fabricated from gallium arsenide material, were formed from a simple junction (called a homojunction because the composition of the material was the same on each side of the junction) between the type and n-ty e materials. Those devices required high electrical current density, which produced damage ia the region of the junction so that the lasers were short-Hved. To reduce this problem, a heterojunction stmcture was developed. This junction is formed by growing a number of layers of different composition epitaxially. This is shown ia Figure 12. There are a number of layers of material having different composition is this ternary alloy system, which may be denoted Al Ga his notation, x is a composition... 

Quantum well lasers ia this system typically use ternary Iuq 53GaQ 47AS wells and biaary InP barriers. AH quaternary lasers, ie, lasers ia which both the wells and barriers are formed by quaternary compounds, are also being developed. These stmctures can be lattice matched or strained. 

The commercial production of silicon in the form of binary and ternary alloys began early in the twentieth century with the development of electric-arc and blast furnaces and the subsequent rise in iron (qv) and steel (qv) production (1). The most important and most widely used method for making silicon and silicon alloys is by the reduction of oxides or silicates using carbon (qv) in an electric arc furnace. Primary uses of silicon having a purity of greater than 98% ate in the chemical, aluminum, and electronics markets (for higher purity silicon, see Silicon AND SILICON ALLOYS, PURE SILICON). 

The crystal chemistry of metal nitrides has been reviewed and there have recently been some intriguing developments in our understanding of the stoichiometries and structures of ternary and quaternary metal nitrides. 

Iridium has been deposited from chloride-sulphamate and from bromide electrolytes , but coating characteristics have not been fully evaluated. The bromide electrolytes were further developed by Tyrrell for the deposition of a range of binary and some ternary alloys of the platinum metals, but, other than the platinum-iridium system, no commercial exploitation of these processes has yet been made. 

Despite the relatively short history of the chemistry of fluoride compounds, several thousands of binary and ternary fluoride compounds have been described, and their systematization is well developed [39 - 41]. Significant progress was achieved in the study of the crystal chemistry of fluoride compounds thanks to the ionic character of their chemical bonds and corresponding simplicity of their ciystal structure. The structure of these kinds of compounds is defined primarily by the geometry and the energy of mainly... 

It was shown some time ago that one can also use a similar thermodynamic approach to explain and/or predict the composition dependence of the potential of electrodes in ternary systems [22-25], This followed from the development of the analysis methodology for the determination of the stability windows of electrolyte phases in ternary systems [26]. In these cases, one uses isothermal sections of ternary phase diagrams, the so-called Gibbs triangles, upon which to plot compositions. In ternary systems, the Gibbs Phase Rule tells us... 

A variety of such ternary catalytic systems has been developed for diastereoselective carbon-carbon bond formations (Table). A Cp-substituted vanadium catalyst is superior to the unsubstituted one,3 whereas a reduced species generated from VOCl3 and a co-reductant is an excellent catalyst for the reductive coupling of aromatic aldehydes.4 A trinuclear complex derived from Cp2TiCl2 and MgBr2 is similarly effective for /-selective pinacol coupling.5 The observed /-selectivity may be explained by minimization of steric effects through anti-orientation of the bulky substituents in the intermediate. 

A further development in U.S. mixed active systems occurred in the 1970s as phosphate restrictions proliferated. Ternary mixed active systems consisting of LAS/AS/AES were introduced in both phosphate and nonphosphate versions. Here AES provided increased water hardness tolerance in non-phosphate-built formulations. A typical formulation consisted of the following ... 

For the larger rare-earth metals ternary diborides are formed, having tKe CeCr2B6 structure. Here puckered B nets are incompletely developed, with Bj groups in the form of loosely attached 6 -network fragments (B—B 210 pm). There is a resemblance to the structures of W3lrB6 and W2C0B2 (see Fig. 4). 

As with the pnictates, a quasi-ternary phase diagram can be developed to map out possible compounds in this composition phase space using key chalcotetre-late building blocks. We have begun to make use of the peritectic nature of the starting materials, as this has facilitated reactions between phases. 

Up to now, we have been concerned with the MX compound as a h q)Othetical example of the solid state. We will now extend these concepts to more complicated ones such as binary and ternary compounds. We will use the precepts already developed for the simple MX compound. For the sake of simplicity, we restrict ourselves to binary compounds, that is- one cation and one anion. An example of a ternary... 

The internal transport numbers may be measured most accurately and precisely by the Klemm method, which was developed for the purpose of isotope separation. This method has the following merits (1) It is insensitive to a small amount of impurities, such as water. (2) Even in the region of very small concentration of an ion of interest, 12 can be measured accurately. (3) It can be applied to additive ternary systems. An apparatus for the Klemm method of measuring 12 in nitrate mixtures is shown in Fig. I. This cell developed for nitrates by Okada s group has the following advantages compared with other electromigration cells ... 

Ternary equilibrium curves calculated by Scott,who developed the theory given here, are shown in Fig. 124 for x = 1000 and several values of X23. Tie lines are parallel to the 2,3-axis. The solute in each phase consists of a preponderance of one polymer component and a small proportion of the other. Critical points, which are easily derived from the analogy to a binary system, occur at... 

Pd ternary alloys, including Pd-Co-Au [Fernandez et al., 2005a, b] and Pd-Co-Mo [Raghuveer et al., 2005] have been developed to further improve the stability of the catalyst. The addition of 10% Au to the Pd-Mo mixture improved catalyst stability. Another promising way to improve the activity and durability of Pd-M alloys is to deposit a Pt monolayer on them. Recently, a Pt monolayer deposited on PdsFe/C was found to possess higher activity than that of Pt/C [Shao et al., 2007b]. 

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