Teratogenicity, effect reproduction

Physiological and Behavioral Chromosomal damage (SCEs) Lesions and necrosis Tumors and teratogenic effects Reproductive success Behavioral alterations Mortality... 

Physiological and Behavioral chromosomal damage (SCEs) lesions and necrosis tumors and teratogenic effects reproductive success behavioral alterations mortality... 

Reproductive Toxicity. No data are available that impHcate either hexavalent or trivalent chromium compounds as reproductive toxins, unless exposure is by way of injection. The observed teratogenic effects of sodium dichromate(VI), chromic acid, and chromium (HI) chloride, adininistered by injection, as measured by dose-response relationships are close to the amount that would be lethal to the embryo, a common trait of many compounds (111). Reported teratogenic studies on hamsters (117,118), the mouse (119—121), and rabbits (122) have shown increased incidence of cleft palate, no effect, and testicular degeneration, respectively. Although the exposures for these experiments were provided by injections, in the final study (122) oral, inhalation, and dermal routes were also tried, and no testicular degeneration was found by these paths. 

Studies on the reproductive function (three generations) and intrauterine development of rat showed no impairment of the rate of fertility and no sign of any teratogenic effect. The Ames test on mutagenicity was negative [101]. 

Women of reproductive potential prescribed efavirenz should be counseled on its potentially teratogenic effects and the importance of birth control. Additionally, nevirapine, nelfinavir, ritonavir, lopinavir/ritonavir, and tipranavir/ritonavir have been shown to decrease the concentrations of estrogens and/or progestins in oral contraceptives, which could lead to failure.2 For patients prescribed these drugs, barrier forms of contraception are preferred to prevent pregnancy. DepoProvera may be... 

Maximum non-effective doses for rats were established too. On general toxic action, this dose is equivalent to 0,00001 mg/kg a day during 13 weeks. As regards carcinogenic effect and impact on reproductive function, it is 0,000001 mg/kg. For monkeys, maximum non-effective dose as to teratogenic effect makes up 0,00005 mg/kg. 

Oral doses of 0.3 g/kg acetamide administered on days 6 through 18 of gestation produced no toxicity or terata in rabbits. No maternal toxicity was seen at 1 g/kg, although one rabbit aborted fetal numbers and body weights were lowered, with no terata. At 3 g/kg, maternal toxicity was encountered, fetal numbers and weights were reduced, the number of dead implants was elevated, and cleft palate was seen. No reproductive, embry-otoxic, or teratogenic effects were observed in... 

In general, animal studies have demonstrated no selective reproductive or teratogenic effects of chlorine. ... 

Mazze RI, Eujinaga M, Rice SA, et al Reproductive and teratogenic effects of nitrous oxide, halothane, isoflurane, and enflurane in Sprague-Dawley rats. Anesthesiology 64(3) 339-344, 1986... 

There are no reports of carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, or reproductive effects to humans ftom uncured resins, curing agents, or glycidyl ethers, but there are some positive... 

Metbomyl did not produce embryotoxic or teratogenic effects in rats or rabbits at doses that caused maternal toxicity No effects on fertility, gestation, or lactation indices were found in three-generation reproduction studies in rats. ... 

Methoxyethyl acetate is hydrolyzed in vivo to form 2-methoxyethanol, which is subsequently metabolized to 2-methoxyacetic acid, a proported teratogenic substance. Consequently, the acetate is expected to show profiles of developmental and reproductive toxicity similar to those of 2-methoxyethanol (qv). In a case report, a woman who was extensively exposed to 2-methoxyethyl acetate, both dermally and probably by inhalation during pregnancy, gave birth to two sons with hypospadias. Because family history and medical examination showed no overt risks other than the significant exposure of the mother, and because 2-methoxyethyl acetate can cause teratogenic effects in animals, the malformations were attributed to the exposure. 

The compound is a systemic poison by ingestion, skin contact and other routes of exposure. It may produce adverse teratogenic and reproductive effects. There is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. LD50 oral (rat) Img/kg... 

The rabbit is generally the non-rodent species or second species after the rat recommended by the regulatory authorities and is part of the package of regulatory reproductive studies for the detection of potential embryotoxic and/ or teratogenic effects of pharmaceuticals, chemicals, food additives, and other compoimds, including vaccines (see Chapters 1-7). 

In accordance with both the old and the new European classification system teratogenic effects constitute a health hazard but a separate classification for teratogenicity is not provided. Instead, teratogens are classified as developmental toxicants, with developmental toxicity falling within the hazard class of reproductive toxicity. 

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