Tension, physical chemistry

One fascinating feature of the physical chemistry of surfaces is the direct influence of intermolecular forces on interfacial phenomena. The calculation of surface tension in section III-2B, for example, is based on the Lennard-Jones potential function illustrated in Fig. III-6. The wide use of this model potential is based in physical analysis of intermolecular forces that we summarize in this chapter. In this chapter, we briefly discuss the fundamental electromagnetic forces. The electrostatic forces between charged species are covered in Chapter V. 

An alternative to this process is low (<10 N/m (10 dynes /cm)) tension polymer flooding where lower concentrations of surfactant are used compared to micellar polymer flooding. Chemical adsorption is reduced compared to micellar polymer flooding. Increases in oil production compared to waterflooding have been observed in laboratory tests. The physical chemistry of this process has been reviewed (247). Among the surfactants used in this process are alcohol propoxyethoxy sulfonates, the stmcture of which can be adjusted to the salinity of the injection water (248). 

One concerned with the measurement of gas-hquid interfacial tension should consult the useful reviews of methods prepared by Harkius [in Chap. 9 of Weissberger, Techniques of Organic Chemstry, 2d ed., vol. I, part 2, Interscience, New York, 1949), Schwartz and coauthors [Suiface Active Agents, vol. I, Interscience, New York, 1949, pp. 263-271 Suiface Active Agents and Detergents, vol. 2, Interscience, New York, 1958, pp. 389—391, 417—418], and by Adamson [Physical Chemistry of Suifaces, Interscience, New York, I960]. 

The Natural Hydrocarbons.—Organic chemistry of a very complex kind is involved in the formation and alteration of natural gas and petroleum, and many problems of physics and physical chemistry, such as adsorption, surface tension, and collpid phenomena, are also involved in their underground storage and movements. 

Adamson, A. W., Physical Chemistry of Surfaces, 5th ed., Wiley, New York, 1990. (Primarily graduate level. More details on surface tension measurement may be found in this volume.)... 

Figure 12.3 Variation of surface tension 7 and total surface energy us with temperature for CCI4. Both 7 and us become zero at the critical temperature. Reprinted with permission from A. K. Adamson and A. P. Gast, Physical Chemistry of Surfaces. by John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1977.

Surface tension (and the more fundamental quantity, surface free energy) fulfil an outstanding role in the physical chemistry of surfaces. 

M. Manciu, E. Ruckenstein Comments on the Osmotic Coefficients and Surface Tensions of Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions Role of the Dispersion Forces JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 108(2004)20479-20481. 

Capillarity — (a) as a branch of science, it concerns the thermodynamics of surfaces and - interfaces. It is of utmost importance for - electrochemistry, e.g., treating the electrode solution interface (- electrode, - solution), and it extends to several other branches of physics, chemistry, and technical sciences [i]. The thermodynamic theory of capillarity goes back to the work of Gibbs, (b) In a practical sense capillarity means the rise or fall of a liquid column in a capillary caused by the interplay of gravity and -> interfacial tension and also phenomena like capillary condensation [ii]. 

Based on the position of an ion in the Hoftneister series, it is possible to foretell the relative effectiveness of anions or cations in an enormous number of systems. The rank of an ion was related to its kosmotropicity, surface tension increments, and salting in and salting out of salt solutions (see below) [25]. A quantitative physical chemistry description of this phenomenon is not far off. Molecular dynamics simulations that considered ionic polarizability were found to be valuable tools for elucidating salt effects [26,27]. 

With a liquid-vapor interface, Gibbs [36] has developed a thermodynamic treatment of the variation of surface tension with composition. This derivation comes from the book Physical Chemistry of Surfaces by Adamson [2, p. 340]. This derivation sets the stage for adsorption at the solid—liquid interface, which will be discussed next. 

The present volume is concerned with the general physical chemistry of the liquid state.. It deals with the theory of liquids, density, thermal expansion, compressibility, viscosity, thermal conductivity, surface tension, specific heat, vapour pressure, boiling-point, latent heat of evaporation, and the critical state. 

CQ 150 O 100 50 0 m m U 1 1 1 1 interfacial tension is 1.15 dyn/cm. The lines are a guide to the eye, (Reprinted with permission from Pons etal.. Journal of Physical Chemistry 97 12320 Copyright 1993, American Chemical Society.)... 

A.W. Adamson, A.P. Cast, Physical Chemistry of Surfaces, e.g. sixth ed. (1997). (Their second chapter, entitled Capillarity, reviews several methods of measuring surface tensions, mostly in less detail than here.)... 

J. R. Partington, An Advanced Treatise of Physical Chemistry, Vol. Ill, The Properties of Liquids, Longmans (1951) 174. (Sections 12-17 inclusive, give a review of surface tension measurements with abundant references to older work.)... 

The latter, however, do not have the capacity, once adsorbed, to stabilise the foam, it is well established that pure liquids do not foam. Transient foams are obtained with solutes such as short-chain aliphatic alcohols or acids which lower the surface tension moderately really persistent foams arise only with solutes that lower the surface tension strongly in dilute solution - the highly surface-active materials such as detergents and proteins. The physical chemistry of the surface layers of the solutions is what determines the stability of the system. 

Srividya, N. and Muralidharan, S. (2008) Determination of the line tension of giant vesicles from pore-closing dynamics. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 112 (24). 7147-7152. 

Gutman, 1., Popovic, L., Mishra, B.K., Kuanar, M., Estrada, E. and Guevara, N. (1997) Application of line graphs in physical chemistry. Predicting the surface tensions of alkanes. J. Serb. Chem. Soc., 62. 1025-1029. 

Table 9.1 Critical surface tension,yc, dispersion component, y%/, and surface tension, ySv, values of polymeric solids. (Values compiled from standard references especially from Kaelble, D.H. (1971) Physical Chemistry of Adhesion. Wi ley-lnterscience, New York, and Zisman, W.A. (1 964) in Contact Angle Wettability and Adhesion, Adv. Chem. Ser. No 43, American Chemical Society, Washington D.C.) ...

Since the late 1800s, the Landolt-Bomstein series, pnblished in Germany, has provided important critical compilations of data for physics and related fields. Several volnmes of the physical chemistry gronp have already been cited [17, 18, 32, 34]. Additional compilations inclnde data on static dielectric constants and vapordiqnid snrface tension. Fnrther information on the Landolt-Bomstein series may be fonnd at http //www.landolt-boemstein.com. Most of their cnrrent volnmes may also be accessed on-line information abont on-line access may be fonnd at the Web site. 

Fig. 5 Dynamic interfacial tension (y) measurements of a toluene-water interface during adsorption of 6-nm CdSe nanoparticles to a pendant water drop in toluene (CdSe concentration was 1.58 x 10-6 mol/L). The circles mark the time at which TEM samples shown in Fig. 6 were prepared. The inset depicts the data on a logarithmic time scale. Reprinted with permission from Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics [50], Copyright (2007) RSC Publishing...

In equation (6-1) the increment of work, dW, refers to all of the work (i.e., electrical, mechanical, pressure-volume, chemical, etc.) performed by the system (the sample) on its surroundings. The development of thermodynamics given in most physical chemistry texts is confined to gases where d W becomes simply pressure-volume work, PdV, where P is the external environment. In the case of an elastomer deformed by an amount dL in tension and exerting a restoring force f the mechanical work performed on the system to accomplish the deformation, namely fdL, must also be included in dW. Thus, for an elastomer strained uni axially in tension,... 

Ramsay was a scientist of exceptionally wide interests and talents. Flis earhest works centered on organic chemistry. Beginning in the 1880s, he pursued topics related to physical chemistry, such as stoichiometry, thermodynamics, surface tension, density, molecular weights, and the critical states of hquids and vapors. However, his most important achievements involved inorganic chemistry. 

Wagner, W. and Pruss, A., The lAPWS Formulation 1995 for the Thermodynamic Properties of Ordinary Water Substance for General and Scientific Use,/. Phys. Chem. R. Data, 31, 387, 2002. International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam, Release on the surface tension of ordinary water substance. Physical Chemistry of Aqueous Systems Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on the Properties of Water and Steam, Orlando, Florida, September 11-16, 1994, pp. A139-A142. 

Figure 18.4 The drop-weight method for measuring surface tension. (Adapted from Experimental Physical Chemistry, 5th ed., by F. Daniels, J. H. Matthews, P. Bender, R. A. Alberty. Copyright (c) 1956 McGraw-Hill Book Co. Used with the permission of McGraw-Hill Book Co.)...

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