Tennessee Valley Authority

T. R. Penney and I. Maclaiae-Cross, Proceedings, Desiccant Cooling and Dehumidification Workshop, June 10—11, 1986, Chattanooga, Tenn., Sponsored by Electric Power Research Institute, Gas Research Institute, and Tennessee Valley Authority. 

Commercial Fertilisers—1990, Bulletin Y-216, Tennessee Valley Authority, Muscle Shoals, Ala., 1991. 

W. J. Pree, B. J. Bond, and J. L. Nevins, ChangingPattems in Mgriculture and Their Effect on Fertiliser Use, Bulletin Y-106, TVA Fertilizer Conference, July 27—28, 1976, Tennessee Valley Authority, Muscle Shoals, Ala. 

T. D. Parr, Phosphorus—Properties of the Element and S ome of its Compounds, Chemical Engineering Report No. 8, Tennessee Valley Authority, Part XI, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1950. 

There has been increased interest in firing wood waste as a supplement to coal in either pulverized coal (PC) or cyclone boilers at 1—5% of heat input. This appHcation has been demonstrated by such electric utilities as Santee-Cooper, Tennessee Valley Authority, Georgia Power, Dehnarva, and Northern States Power. Cofiring wood waste with coal in higher percentages, eg, 10—15% of heat input, in PC and cyclone boilers is being carefully considered by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) and Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). This practice may have the potential to maximize the thermal efficiency of waste fuel combustion. If this practice becomes widespread, it will offer another avenue for use of fuels from waste. 

Ethanol can also be produced from cellulose (qv) or biomass such as wood (qv), com stover, and municipal soHd wastes (see Euels frombiomass Euels FROMWASTe). Each of these resources has inherent technical or economic problems. The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) is operating a 2 t/d pilot plant on converting cellulose to ethanol. 

T. D. Farr, Phosphorus, Properties of the Element and Some of Its Compounds, in Chemical Engineering Report, No. 8, Tennessee Valley Authority, Wilson Dam, Ala., 1950, pp. 39 and 58. 

Graining, flaking, and spraying have all been used to make soHd ammonium nitrate particles. Most plants have adopted various prilling or granulation processes. Crystallized ammonium nitrate has been produced occasionally in small quantities for use in specialty explosives. The Tennessee Valley Authority developed and operated a vacuum crystallization process (25), but the comparatively small crystals were not well received as a fertilizer. 

In 1991, Goodyear began working with Cadence Environmental Energy (Indiana) to market a whole tine feed system to supplement fuel for cement kilns. The system is used by several cement manufacturers. In 1992, Goodyear furnished tines for a Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) test bum at a Memphis power plant. The electric utiUty used tine-derived fuel (TDE) to supplement coal fuel in a cyclone boiler. These tests were successflil. 

Another potentially large user of I DE is the Tennessee Valley Authority. TVA is in the final year of a three-year test of I DE at its AHen station (Memphis, Tennessee). If this faciUty begins using I DE on a production basis, and if one or two other TVA faciUties join in, the potential market for scrap tires would be enormous, consuming some or all of the tires generated in several states. 

Oxamide is produced commercially by Ube Industries, Ltd. (Japan) and a pilot process is being operated by Enichem (Italy). It is not produced domestically as a commercial fertilizer, although it was the subject of much research and development activity by the Tennessee Valley Authority s (TVA) National Fertilizer Research and Development Center. It is made in small quantities for industrial use by AUied Chemical, Hummel Chemical Co., and United Guardian, Inc. Oxamide has appHcation as a controlled release nitrogen source for the turf and specialty agricultural markets. 

Sulfur-Coated Fertilizers. Sulfur-coated urea technology (SCU) was developed in the 1960s and 1970s by the Tennessee Valley Authority, now called the National Fertilizer and Environmental Research Center. A commercial-scale demonstration plant (9.1 t/h) was put in operation by TVA in late 1978. Sulfur was chosen as the principle coating material because of its low cost and its value as a secondary nutrient. 

Stewart Richard, G. Partial Oxygenated Feedwater Treatment at the Paradise Fossil Plant Unit I. Tennessee Valley Authority. Ultrapure Water, Tall Oaks Publishing, Inc., USA, November 1997. 

Emissions in excess of allotted levels are taxed. As an incentive to clean up emissions, companies that emit less than their allotted amounts are allowed to sell their unsued portions (so-called emission credits) to other companies. Several years ago, the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), which operates 11 coal-fired electricity plants, purchased emission credits from Wisconsin Power and Light. The TVA bought pollution rights for the emission of 1.00 X 10 tons of sulfur dioxide per year at a price of 275 per ton. How much will it cost to emit 1 mol of SO2 How many molecules can be emitted for 1.00 ... 

Both the quantity and price of utilities are also important. This is especially true for electrochemical plants. Traditionally the Gulf Coast states and those regions covered by the Tennessee Valley Authority and Bonneville Power Administration (Northwest) have had the cheapest power. Now some large nuclear power plants that are being installed offer the promise of cheap power to other regions. 

Isabel McMann (references), Bodleian Library, Oxford, UK Tim Meeks (information), Tennessee Valley Authority... 

In 1986, a wetland system was installed to reduce acid mine drainage from the closed Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) 950 Coal Mine near Flat Rock, Alabama. The system cost 41,000 to build. Annual monitoring costs were 3700. Before the wetland system was installed, TVA spent 28,500 annually to chemically treat the acid mine drainage (D204502, p. 2). 

The relative toxicities of several oils to malaria carrying mosquitoes, as determined by the Tennessee Valley Authority 52)y are given in Table I. 

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