Temporal methods

GE by temporal method (time method) GE estimation by comparative quantitative method for the collections of1960 and 2000... 

Why has there been insignificant GE as quantified by temporal methods ... 

The analytic challenge in using syndromic surveillance for outbreak detection is to identify a signal corresponding to an outbreak or cluster amid substantial background noise in the data [37], However, signal-detection methods have not yet been standardized. Temporal and spatio-temporal methods have been used to assess day-to-day and day and place variability of data from an expected baseline [38, 39],... 

Among the temporal methods, TDS can be classified as a rapid method since it has the possibility to record temporal information on several sensory attributes during the same evaluation, whereas with TI, as many evaluations as the number of attributes are needed (i.e. potentially ten times more evaluations if considering ten attributes). The nature of collected information is however different (TI intensity profile over time TDS selection of the dominant attribute over time). 

In the finite-difference appntach, the partial differential equation for the conduction of heat in solids is replaced by a set of algebraic equations of temperature differences between discrete points in the slab. Actually, the wall is divided into a number of individual layers, and for each, the energy conserva-tk>n equation is applied. This leads to a set of linear equations, which are explicitly or implicitly solved. This approach allows the calculation of the time evolution of temperatures in the wall, surface temperatures, and heat fluxes. The temporal and spatial resolution can be selected individually, although the computation time increa.ses linearly for high resolutions. The method easily can be expanded to the two- and three-dimensional cases by dividing the wall into individual elements rather than layers. 

Several methods have been employed to study chemical reactions theoretically. Mean-field modeling using ordinary differential equations (ODE) is a widely used method [8]. Further extensions of the ODE framework to include diffusional terms are very useful and, e.g., have allowed one to describe spatio-temporal patterns in diffusion-reaction systems [9]. However, these methods are essentially limited because they always consider average environments of reactants and adsorption sites, ignoring stochastic fluctuations and correlations that naturally emerge in actual systems e.g., very recently by means of in situ STM measurements it has been demon-... 

These diagrams focus on the temporal or time relationships of operations and they can be used to solve resource allocation problems, to determine whether there is any potential for time stress, and to consider alternative work methods in the execution of a procedure. An example drawn from traditional industrial engineering methods is shown in Figure 4.7. The chart is used to analyze the interaction between people and equipment. As indicated in the summary portion of this chart, there is a high proportion of idle time which would probably indicate the use of alternative procedures in the execution of this task. The chart enables the analyst to see the relationships among the activities of the different components in planning such alternatives. 

In general, HTA, IMAS, and CADET fulfill most of the above criteria, hence they can be used together as a framework for carrying out both action and cognitive task analysis. When particular aspects of the human-machine interaction must be examined in greater detail for example, the temporal characteristics of the task or the team communications, certain methods can be selected to provide this information—OSDs in this case. Most TA methods... 

Despite being notoriously difficult to analyze formally, the behavior of general CA rules is nonetheless often amenable to an almost complete mathematical characterization. In this section we look at a simple method that exploits the properties of certain implicit deterministic structures of elementary one-dimensional rules to help determine the existence of periodic temporal sequences, rule inverses and homogeneous states. Additional details appear in [jen86a] and[jen86b]. 

This technique is invasive however, the particle can be designed to be neutrally buoyant so that it well represents the flow of the phase of interest. An array of detectors is positioned around the reactor vessel. Calibration must be performed by positioning the particle in the vessel at a number of known locations and recording each of the detector counts. During actual measurements, the y-ray emissions from the particle are monitored over many hours as it moves freely in the system maintained at steady state. Least-squares regression methods can be applied to evaluate the temporal position of the particle and thus velocity field [13, 14]. This technique offers modest spatial resolutions of 2-5 mm and sampling frequencies up to 25 Hz. 

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