Template synthetic method

The template synthetic method is based on the in situ hydrothermal crystallization of clay mineral layers (from a gel) using selected water-soluble polymers as templates [61]. Template synthesis is essentially limited to water-soluble polymers, and the synthetic clay mineral formed under the conditions described by the authors is a poorly ordered fluorohectorite. On the other hand, the method is potentially capable of promoting the dispersion of silicate layers in a one-step process. 

In developing these template synthetic methods, we made an interesting discovery. When these polymers are synthesized (either chemically or electrochemically) within the pores of the track-etched polycarbonate membranes, the polymer preferentially nucleates and grows on the pore walls [11,14,46]. As a result, polymeric tubules are obtained at short polymerization times (Fig. 16.2A). These tubular structures have been quite useful in our fundamental investigations of electronic conductivity in the template-synthesized materials (see below). In addition, tubular structures of this type have a number... 

Hurst, S.J., Payne, E.K., Qin, L and Mirldn, CJV. (2006) Multisegmented one-dimensional nanorods prepared by hard-template synthetic methods. Ar ewandte Chemie - International Edition, 45, 2672-92. 

According to Ref. [12], template for synthesis of nanomaterials is defined as a central structure within which a network forms in such a way that removal of this template creates a filled cavity with morphological or stereochemical features related to those of the template. The template synthesis was applied for preparation of various nanostructures inside different three-dimensional nanoporous structures. Chemically, these materials are presented by polymers, metals, oxides, carbides and other substances. Synthetic methods include electrochemical deposition, electroless deposition, chemical polymerization, sol-gel deposition and chemical vapor deposition. These works were reviewed in Refs. [12,20]. An essential feature of this... 

As described in this chapter, the sonochemical reduction technique appears to be a promising method for the preparation of various types of metal nanoparticles in an aqueous solution. By choosing more efficient organic additives, easily-reducible metal precursors, supports and templates with an appropriate role, more advanced functional nanoparticles could be synthesized successfully using the sonochemical reduction technique. In future, it is also possible to develop effective synthetic methods by combining the sonochemical method with other chemical methods. 

Synthetic methods include the use of silanes bearing a chiral group for silylating the surface of the porous sol-gel silica, the use of such silanes as monomers or co-monomers in the polycondensation, the physical entrapment of chiral molecules, the imprinting of SG materials with chiral templates and the creation of chiral pores, and the induction of chirality in the matrix skeleton itself 48... 

Li+ intercalation material (V. M. Cepak and C. R. Martin, unpublished). These results, which will be the subject of a future paper, show that other synthetic methodologies, in addition to CVD, can be used to make micro-structured battery electrodes like those described here. In addition, the underlying microtubular current collector does not have to be Au. Microtubules composed of graphite [35] or other metals [1,3] (e.g., Ni) could be used. Finally, for the advantages noted above to be realized in practical cells, large-scale template-fabrication methods would have to be developed. 

Since the discovery of the M41S materials with regular mesopore structure by Mobils scientists [1], many researchers have reported on the synthetic method, characterization, and formation mechanism. Especially, the new concept of supramolecular templating of molecular aggregates of surfactants, proposed as a key step in the formation mechanism of these materials, has expanded the possibility of the formation of various mesoporous structures and gives us new synthetic tools to engineer porous materials [2],... 

Most nickel(II) complexes with the various Schiff bases derived from salicylaldehyde and different amines have usually been easily prepared by three general methods (i) the reaction of a nickel(II) salt, usually hydrated nickel(II) acetate, with the preformed Schiff base using water, EtOH, MeOH or their mixtures as reaction medium (ii) the condensation reaction of bis(salicylaldehydato)nickel(II) with the appropriate amine in refluxing EtOH or H20/EtOH mixture (iii) the template reaction of the aldehyde with the appropriate amine in the presence of a nickel salt. In Table 97 the formulas, synthetic methods and some physicochemical properties for a number of nickel(II) salicylaldiminato complexes are reported. Examples of dinuclear complexes formed with Schiff bases are specifically reported in Section 50.5.8.5. 

Nickel(II) complexes with /3-ketoamines are, in general, easily prepared. The most useful and general synthetic methods are the following (i) reaction of the preformed ligands with nickel salts in basic solution using water, alcohol or their mixtures as medium (ii) ligand exchange reactions (iii) template reactions. Complexes of type (329) may be sensitive to moisture and are prepared in anhydrous conditions. 

The synthetic methods can be conveniently divided into those based on conventional (classical) macrocyclic syntheses and those based on template methods. The schools of Ciampolini and Kybe were early, and are still major, contributors to this field. 

More recently, Priego-Capote et al. reported on the production of MIP nanoparticles with monoclonal behaviour by miniemulsion polymerisation [63]. In the synthetic method that they employed, they devised to use a polymerisable surfactant that was also able to act as a functional monomer by interacting with the template (Fig. 4). The crosslinker content was optimised at 81% mol/mol (higher or lower contents leading to unstable emulsions). In this way, the authors were able not only to produce rather small particles (80-120 nm in the dry state) but also to locate the imprinted sites on the outer particle surface. The resulting MIP nanobeads were very effective as pseudostationary phases in the analysis of (/ ,S)-propranolol by CEC. 

This synthetic method includes various chemical reactions of ligands and allows us to obtain new coordination compounds of many types on the basis of metal complexes. It became known long ago [2,314a,319,320] as an integral part of template synthesis and at present is examined as one of its variants [318]. Modification of ligands is the most important part of the problem of the reaction capacity of coordination compounds [130,320,321]. 

The meso/macroporous carbons have attracted much attention in their application as electrode materials in EDLCs, since the meso/macropores promote the formation of an effective doublelayer or the transfer of ions into the pores, resulting in the increases in the electrolyte wettability and the rate capability.67,68 In this regard, there has been considerable research targeted towards developing the synthetic methods of novel meso/macroporous carbons.17,36"55,69 72 Various types of such inorganic templates as silica materials and zeolites are widely used for the synthesis of the meso/macroporous carbons, since it was revealed17,36"55 that these inorganic templates contribute to the formation of the meso/macropores with various pore structures and broad PSD. 

The present article first provided the brief overview of the synthetic methods of the porous carbons. In order to prepare the microporous carbons with high surface area, the physical/chemical activation methods have been widely used for a long time.18"35 Recently, the meso/macroporous carbons with various pore structures are prepared by templating methods by using various templates and changing sol-gel reaction conditions, e.g., pH, amount of template, and gelation temperature.17,36 55... 

Figure 2.17 Synthetic method for mesoporous silica that enables both dense modification of the pore interior with biofunctions and good accessibility by external guests (Lizard templating method).103...

The early history of phthalocyanines is a quite bizarre and tragic. They are easily synthesized by a transition metal templated cyclocondensation of phthalonitrile, however, this was not how they were discovered. It is probable that a metal-free phthalocyanine was successfully prepared by Braun and Tcherniac in the early 1900s though it was not characterized [9], Given their synthetic methods it is also probable that de Diesbach and von der Weid were the first to prepare copper phthalocyanine but, again, their 1927 paper gives no characterization details [10]. 

Using a surfactant-based self-assembly synthetic method, semiconductor quantum dot and anti-dot materials have been realized [54-56], Templating and connecting quantum dots into a periodic array or inverting the structure... 

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