Buffer temperature effect

Fig. 10.4.2 The effects of temperature (left panel) and pH (right panel) on the peak intensities of the Balanoglossus luminescence reaction. In the measurements of the temperature effect, 0.5 ml of 0.176 mM H2O2 was injected into a mixture of 1.2 ml of 0.5 M Tris buffer (pH 8.2), 0.3 ml of luciferase, and 1 ml of luciferin, at various temperatures. For the pH effect, the Tris buffer (pH 8.2) was replaced with the Tris buffers and phosphate buffers that have various pH values, and the measurements were made at room temperature. From Dure and Cormier, 1963, with permission from the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.

M. F. Powell, Stabibty of Lidocain in Aqueous Solution Effect of Temperature, pH, Buffer, and Metal Ions on Amide Hydrolysis , Pharm. Res. 1987, 4, 42-45. 

D. D. Perrin B. Dempsey (1974) Buffers for pH and Metal Ion Control, Wiley, New York. (This handy reference provides detailed procedure that allow one to compensate for pH and temperature effects on metal-ligand interactions as well as buffers.)... 

Impact produces hot spots, the temperatures of which are (frequently) determined by melting of the solid, being effectively buffered at the melting point. Hence, the mp frequently determines the hot-spot temperature, T0 in the adiabatic-decomposition equation 8.8, listed on p 174 of Cook. If T0 is below a certain critical value, the reaction will not be adiabatic and, owing to heat loss, may not undergo reaction build-up. But above this critical value it becomes effectively adiabatic and expln then always results after a time T. The failure of grit to sensitize an expl may, however, depend simply on the ratio of the mp of the expl to that of the grit particle. 

Temperature Effects The pH of a buffer solution is influenced by temperature. This effect is due to a temperature-dependent change of the dissociation constant (pK ) of ions in solution. The pH of the commonly used buffer Tris is greatly affected by temperature changes, with a ApKa/C° of —0.031. This means that a pH 7.0 Tris buffer made up at 4°C would have a pH of 5.95 at 37°C. The best way to avoid this problem is to prepare the buffer solution at the temperature at which it will be used and to standardize the electrode with buffers at the same temperature as the solution you wish to measure. 

Urea (0.01 M), sodium carbonate (0.01 M), magnesium chloride (0.01 M), or distilled water can be used as microwave fluids to obtain similar results in terms of both sensitivity and intensity of the hybridization signal. Alternatively, 10 mM citrate buffer (pH 6.0) can be used as the microwave fluid. The major role of these fluids is to mediate high temperature effects, which is confirmed by the achievement of a good hybridization signal using distilled water. Note that pretreatment conditions must be optimized for every tissue type and for every cell type in a given section. 

The effect of temperature satisfies the Arrhenius relationship where the applicable range is relatively small because of low and high temperature effects. The effect of extreme pH values is related to the nature of enzymatic proteins as polyvalent acids and bases, with acid and basic groups (hydrophilic) concentrated on the outside of the protein. Finally, mechanical forces such as surface tension and shear can affect enzyme activity by disturbing the shape of the enzyme molecules. Since the shape of the active site of the enzyme is constructed to correspond to the shape of the substrate, small alteration in the structure can severely affect enzyme activity. Reactor s stirrer speed, flowrate, and foaming must be controlled to maintain the productivity of the enzyme. Consequently, during experimental investigations of the kinetics enzyme catalyzed reactions, temperature, shear, and pH are carefully controlled the last by use of buffered solutions. 

Temperature programming has also been used in electrophoresis, using a thermostatically regulated circulating water jacket to maintain constant values.28 Temperature effects convective flow through the system, ionization of the analyte, and the viscosity and pH of the buffer solutions.29... 

Other effects may also contribute to band broadening causing reduced achievable plate counts. Besides the already-mentioned wall adsorption, temperature effects (Joule heating) may reduce plate numbers. Sample application can have a strong influence on plate count, especially when large volumes and/or high sample concentrations are injected. Mobility differences between buffer constituents and analyte ions lead to asymmetric (triangular) peaks caused by electrodispersion, which is extremely noticeable with smaller molecules. Differ-... 

Fig. 1. Global average surface temperatures and atmospheric CO2 levels predicted by models in which CO2 is the only greenhouse gas and the temperature dependence of subaerial silicate weathering is the only effective buffer against changing solar luminosity. One PAL indicates one present atmospheric level of 300 ppm. Curves are labelled by the weathering parameter p (equation (8)). These models are inspired by Walker et al. (1981). Constant CO2 is shown for comparison. Unless silicate weathering is nearly independent of pCQ>2 (P < 0-2), ancient climates are cool.

The variations caused by the cosolvent and temperature effects governed the choice of ionic strength and protonic activity of the buffers used in the three phases—electrolyte solution, sample gel, and running gel. The ionic mobility decreases both in presence of organic solvents and upon cooling, but it can be more or less compensated by increasing the voltage. The time required for electrophoresis is similar to that used in normal conditions. 

The pK values of buffers, as we have shown in Section II, vary with solvent and temperature. This variation in pK must be taken into consideration when the protonic activity of a buffer is calculated. In the anionic systems we generally use the buffer Tris. With this buffer the solvent effect is not very important, but the temperature effect is considerable. Further details are given in Section IV. 

The pK variations are to be expected when one considers temperature effects on anionic and cationic buffers. 

The indicator constant varies also with the temperature, and this temperature effect should be considered when using this method without buffers. I. M. Kolthofp has summarized and examined the pertinent data reported in the literature in order to ascertain the extent to which pKi depends upon ionic strength and temperature. Since the knowledge of indicator constants is of prime importance in the application of the colorimetric method without buffer solutions, his findings will be considered in detail. 

Holmes et al. reported the first enzyme catalyzed reactions in water-in-CO2 microemulsions (67). Two reactions, a lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis and a lipoxygenase-catalyzed peroxidation, were demonstrated in water-in-C02 microemulsions using the surfactant di(l/7,l/7,5/7-octafluoro- -pentyl) sodium sulfosuccinate (di-HCF4). A major concern of enzymatic reactions in CO2 is the pH of the aqueous phase, which is approximately 3 when there is contact with CO2 at elevated pressures. Holmes et al. examined the ability of various buffers to maintain the pH of the aqueous solution in contact with CO2. The biological buffer 2-(A-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (MES) was the most effective, able to maintain a pH of 5, depending on the pressure, temperature, and buffer concentration. The activity of the enzymes in the water-in-C02 microemulsions was comparable to that in a water-in-heptane microemulsion stabilized by the surfactant AOT, which contains the same head group as di-HCF4. 

Limestone dissolution in throwaway scrubbing can be modeled by mass transfer. The mass transfer model accurately predicts effects of pH, Pcc>2> temperature, and buffers. For particles less than 10-20 pm, the mass transfer coefficient can be obtained by assuming a sphere in an infinite stagnant medium. This model underpredicts the absolute dissolution rate by a factor of 1.88, probably because it neglects agitation and actual particle shape. 

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