Technology Outlook

Photoelectrochemical properties of molecular semiconductors have recently regained new interest in view of their possible application in photovoltaic cells. Phthalocyanines are of interest for this application due to their high absorption coefficients for visible light, their chemical and thermal stability, and their commercial availability. They already had been tested successfully for applications in all-solid state photovoltaic where the best results with 

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WETO (2006). World Energy Technology Outlook 2050. WETO H2. Report EUR 22038. Brussels European Commission, DG Research. 

EC (2006b). WorldEnergy Technology Outlook-2050 (WETO-H2). Brussels Directorate-General for Research, Directorate for Energy, European Commission. 

EC (2006) World Energy Technology Outlook 2050 WETO H2, Brussels. 

Still the technology faces many challenges and a large research and development effort is under way in most major laboratories in the U.S., Japan and Europe, particularly in the semiconductor and tool industries. The general outlook is one of constant change as new designs, new products and new materials are continuously being introduced. 

In this section an overview on the available technologies for continuous mixing and to compare its benefits with traditional batch mixing is discussed. Further work needs to be done before continuous mixing is widely accepted and an outlook in the next future will be discussed as well. 

E. Rubin, H. Mantripragada, A. Marks, P. Versteeg, J. Kitchin The outlook for improved carbon capture technology. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 38(5). 2012. 

Recent advances in drilling and fracking technologies have made the access to huge deposits of natural gas in shale deposits technically and economically feasible. These are located across the United States and elsewhere [19,20], and thus shale gas production has grown about 48% per year from 2006 to 2010 in the United States. This fact will influence the American and the world energy outlooks for the near future, together with the variation in the oil price [21]. The... 

Haisma, J. Spierings G. A. C. M. 2002. Contact bonding, including direct-bonding in a historical and recent context of materials science and technology, physics and chemistry—Historical review in a broader scope and comparative outlook. Mater. Sci. Eng. R-Reports 37 1-60. 

A handful of plants with completely different technologies have been built and are described in a section at the end of this chapter. They contribute only a minor amount of olefins to the marketplace, and their economics and outlooks are still under the microscope, so most of this chapter will concentrate on the popular design. 

Swogger, K. W., An Outlook for Metallocene and Single Site Catalyst Technology into the 2U Century, SPE ANTEC Tech. Papers, 44, 1790 (1998)... 

If we take into account less accessible petroleum and gas reserves or those locked up in the form of tar sands, oil shale, or methane hydrates, our overall hydrocarbon reserves could be even 3-5 times higher. This would give us a century s supply, whereas our coal reserves may stretch to two or three centuries. Despite this more favorable outlook, it is necessary to point out the existing close relationship between our ever-increasing overall energy needs and our hydrocarbon sources essential in a technological society. 

National Academy of Sciences. 1980B. Toward Healthful Diets. National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, Food and Nutrition Board, Washington, D.C. National Academy of Sciences. 1982. Outlook for Science and Technology. The Next Five Years. W.H. Freeman, San Francisco. 

Many of the examples mentioned have been directly concerned with, or have a consequential importance, to the area of parallel high throughput chemical processing. Any methodology that offers the ability to accelerate the synthesis of large chemical libraries or to access new chemical entities in a clean fashion needs careful consideration. It is certainly true that we have only just begun to comprehend and contemplate the possibilities that the combination of these two powerful technologies could offer. It is therefore hoped that this short chapter will in some way stimulate you, the reader, to have a new outlook on these synthetic methods. 

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