Technique-oriented

Conte, L. S., Miorini, M., Giomo, A., Bertacco, G., and Zironi, R. (1998). Evaluation of some fixed components for unifloral honey characterization. /. Agric. Food Chem. 46,1844-1849. Cordelia, C., Moussa, L, Martel, A. C., Sbirrazzuoli, N., and Lizzani-Cuvelier, L. (2002). Recent developments in food characterisation and adulteration detection Techniques oriented perspectives. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50,1751-1764. 

Table I shows the various Mossbauer nuclides—i.e., the nuclides where the Mossbauer eflFect has actually been seen. Not all of these are as easy to exploit as the Fe and 9Sn cases referred to above. However, with improved techniques a number of these should prove accessible to the chemist. Representative elements of almost all parts of the periodic table are tractable by these techniques. It seems clear, however, that the methods of Mossbauer spectroscopy are no longer technique-oriented but that this field is becoming a problem-oriented discipline. In other words, the Mossbauer effect is now used successfully in many cases not only to demonstrate the effect or to corroborate physical evidence obtained by other means—NMR, or infrared, or kinetic studies— but also to solve new chemical problems.

Cordelia, C., Moussa, I., Martel, A. C., Sbirrazzuoli, N., and Lizzani-Cuvelier, L. (2002). Recent developments in food characterization and adulteration detection Technique-oriented perspectives. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50,1751-1764. 

It is imperative to also consult the vendor to determine an adequate number of valves for spray weight testing. If the metered chamber is plastic, valves totaling at least twice the number of the vendor s mold impressions should be tested to guarantee complete evaluation of the lot of valves. The spray weight methodology conducted on valves can drastically influence the results. Because the valve is a mechanical device, the way in which it is actuated is technique-oriented. Manual actuation versus automatic actuation can cause variation in the results. Method ruggedness is essential in evaluation of the valve performance. 

The book consists of two main parts. The first part has a more methodological character, it is technique-oriented. In the sections of this part mathematical fundamentals of important newer chemometric methods are comprehensively represented and discussed, and illustrated by typical and environmental analytical examples which are easy to understand. The second part, which has been written in a more problem-orientated format, focuses on case studies from the field of environmental analysis. The discussed examples of the investigation of the most important environmental compartments, such as the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and pedosphere, demonstrate both the power and the limitations of chemometric methods applied to real-world studies. 

Application of genetic engineering techniques oriented toward lowering allergenicity of raw food materials (GMO). 

Optimization techniques oriented towards parameter estimation are described by Himmelblau [32]. General books on optimization are quoted in refs. 208—210. 

The years from 1960 to 1975 represented a golden era in the radiofrequency and microwave spectroscopy of open shell diatomic molecules. Molecular beam electric resonance was one of the most important experimental approaches, but microwave, far-infrared and magnetic resonance studies of bulk gaseous samples were equally important and our understanding of these open shell species is derived from a combination of different experimental approaches. In this book we have chosen to organise our descriptions according to the experimental techniques employed, but as with any such scheme, we run the risk, which we wish to avoid, of not connecting the results from different types of experiment in a coherent manner. As we shall see, the OH radical is the example par excellence which illustrates the pitfalls of an approach which is technique-oriented, rather than molecule-oriented. 

Inorganic chemistry can be usefully approached from a number of points of view. One can take an element orientation, for example, boron chemistry a phase orientation, for example, solid-state chemistry a function orientation, for example, bioinorganic chemistry a technique orientation. 

In ATR-IR, the sample is prepared by depositing a thin film on a germanium crystal, which is then allowed to dry. This technique orients the bilayer on the germanium crystal. Predictably, the thickness of the film, as well as the relative hydration, affect the results and should be controlled (Fringeli and Gunthard, 1981 Frey and Tamm, 1991). Polarized spectroscopy allows the orientation of dried components relative to the crystal surface to be measured, as well as the orientation of the components to each other. 

B. Chemistry-Guided Versus Technique-Oriented Strategy... 

Borges, N. J. and Osman, W. R. (2001). Personality and medical speciality choice Technique orientation versus people orientation. Journal of Vocational Behavior 58 22-35. 

Whilst a discussion of separate solvent systems or solvent types was a possible organisation for this book, most workers in the field have tended to use more than one solvent and tend to be technique oriented. This latter arrangement has therefore been chosen. 

My talk will not be technique-oriented, but it is appropriate to mention briefly how high overtone spectra are observed. They are of course much weaker than the fundamental vibrations when they are observed directly by the methods of Infrared or Raman spectroscopy. However they may be observed as conventional Infrared absorption spectra... 

Rather than being technique-oriented, however, our main goal is to contribute to molecular biology from a physico-chemical point of view. Therefore, we shall attempt to generalize from each of our results, obtained on rather simple model systems, to much more complex biomolecules such as enzymes. 

Ch. Cordelia, I. Moussa, A. -C. Martel, N. Sbirrazzuoli, L. Lizzani-Cuvelier. Recent developments in food characterisation and adulteration detection technique-oriented perspectives. J Agric Food Chem 50 1751-1764, 2002. 

Roy and Orazem (2008) conducted impedance measurements to gain insight into flooding of a single PEMFC. The flooding of gas-diffusion layer pores in the fuel cell has been associated with increases in the internal cell resistance and in the impedance response of the fuel cell. The formation and removal of water droplets is an inherently stochastic process which increases the stochastic errors observed in impedance measurements. A measurement technique oriented toward... 

The purpose of this chapter was to report on the state of the art in vibrational spectroscopy in the field of poly-conjugated materials. The intent was to go beyond the approach of technique-oriented spectroscopists to show nonspecialists the large quantity of unique information that can be derived from optical spectra. Many examples have been presented as a guide to the nonspecialists on how to use spectroscopic data. Classical vibrational chemical correlations have been shown to be almost useless for deriving structure-property correlations. A large amount of new physics has been developed for the understanding of the peculiar spectra of these materials in the pristine, doped, and photoexcited states. 

Cheli F, Battaglia D, Pinotti L, Baldi A. State of the art in feedstuff analysis a technique-oriented perspective. J Agric Food Chem 2012 60(38) 9529-42. 

Experimental Techniques Orientation of the crystalline phase in polyethylene films has been mainly characterized by WAXD [82-98]. In the first studies, the Debye-Scherrer method was employed with a flat-film camera [82-84]. This technique was still used in further work because of its rapidity and its simplicity [87,88,93, 95-98]. 

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