Orientation techniques

A corona discharge is induced upon application of an electric potential of several kV across the electrodes. Ionized molecules from the air are forced by the electric field to move to the surface of the sample. The deposited ions induce image charges on the earthed electrode. Thereby, a static electric field of about 

The tungsten wire is placed above and parallel to the sample. Adapted from Eich et al. [42] with permission from the Optical Society of America. 

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Durham polyacetylene occurs in a highly disordered state on conversion from the precursor polymer [90], but using stretch orientation techniques during the conversion reaction, a high degree of order with long conjugated sequences can be achieved [91-93],... 

The main contributions to the development of graph-oriented techniques are due to the following authors. 

Hence, factorization methods can only be applied to solve particular cases of data reconciliation when energy balances are considered. Other equation-oriented techniques, such as PLADAT (Sanchez et al., 1992), perform better in tackling the more general problem. 

Kajzar, F, Lee, K.-S. and Jen, A. K.-Y Polymeric Materials and their Orientation Techniques for Second-Order Nonlinear Optics. Vol. 161, pp. 1-85. 

One of the central problems in air pollution research and control is to determine the quantitative relationship between ambient air quality and emission of pollutants from sources. Effective strategies to control pollutants can not be devised without this information. This question has been mainly addressed in the past with source-oriented techniques such as emission inventories and predictive diffusion models with which one traces pollutants from source to receptor. More recently, much effort has been directed toward developing receptor-oriented models that start with the receptor and reconstruct the source contributions. As is the case with much of air pollutant research, improvements in pollutant chemical analysis techniques have greatly enhanced the results of receptor modeling. 

Up to now we have considered the CP film as an amorphous, homogeneous and isotropic medium. However, CPs are intrinsically anisotropic since the 7r-electrons are delocalized along the macromolecule backbone. An anisotropic optical response, typical of oriented samples, is extremely important both for fundamental science (e.g., comparison with theoretical predictions) and for technological reasons (polarized emission is recommended in displays [55,56]). The orientation process for conjugated polymers is very difficult and several approaches have been used to remove the typical random-coil conformation of CP and to induce the extended aligned conformation. It is not the aim of this article to review all orientational techniques used with CPs. However, it should be mentioned that very high degrees of orientation have been achieved... 

Starting with a compound s molecular structure, the T, P, and are estimated first, using the three group contribution techniques indicated above. These values are then used in an equation-oriented technique to yield the final estimate for P. ... 

We need to employ an estimation procedure for and the associated independent physical properties, such as those described in Section I.B [see Eqs. (2) and (3a-c)], in order to determine each candidate molecule s vapor pressure at 273 K. Starting with a compound s molecular structure, and P are first estimated using the three group-contribution techniques [Eqs. (3a), (3b), and (3c), respectively]. These values are then used in an equation-oriented technique to yield the final estimate for P [Eq. (2)1. 

P (Fi Fj Fj) - JobacW Pc Factor - Equation Oriented Technique P () - Joback Pc - Group Contribution Technique... 

H.G. Weller, G. Tabor, H. Jasak, C. Fureby, A tensorial approach to computational continuum mechanics using object orientated techniques, Computers in Physics, vol. 

Polymeric Materials and their Orientation Techniques for Second-Order Nonlinear Optics... 

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