Raman characterization

Metal island films form spontaneously during slow evaporation of the metal on to supports with low adhesion. The metal islands can produce the surface-enhancement required for Raman characterization of the surface of the support. 

A significant contribution of Raman spectroscopy to the analytical characterization of biomedical issues has been made in the area of biomaterials, especially in the identification of biodegradation and deterioration [1, 2]. The general impact of Raman spectroscopy on the study of biomaterials has been described by this author in three recent review articles [3-5]. In this chapter, the topic of Raman characterization of biomaterials is revisited with particular emphasis placed on those biomaterials widely employed for load-bearing surfaces in artificial joints. Important recent case studies are presented to illustrate the power of the Raman technique to answer key questions of broad medical, scientific, and technological interest. The analytical and physical science lying behind the Raman effect is shown to contribute to the accumulation of a wealth of fundamental information about the medical and technical achievements of prosthesis makers. 

XRD, XPS, and Raman characterization of V supported on pseudoboehmite alumina or on amorphous aluminosilicate gels (metal loaded with a solution of V0+z Naphthenate in benzene) have indicated the presence of tetrahedrally and octahedrally coordinated vanadium (31) having speciation and dispersion that depends on vanadium concentration (and surface area) present on the steamed (760°C/5h) samples. 

Fig. 10 Ex situ Raman spectra near the Ag(2) mode of C60, measured as a function of reaction time. Characteristic lines for pristine material (1469 cm-1), dimers (1464 cm-1), and chains (1459 cm-1) have been fitted to the spectra to show the structural evolution with time. Reprinted with permission from P-A Persson, U Edlund, P Jacobsson, D Johnels, A Soldatov, and B Sundqvist, NMR and Raman characterization of pressure-polymerized C60 , Chem. Phys. Lett. vol. 258 (1996) 540-46 [59]. Copyright 1996 Elsevier Science BY...

McGuire, K. Gothard, N. Gai, P. L. Dresselhaus, M. 5. Sumanasekera, G. Rao, A. M. Synthesis and Raman Characterization of Boron-Doped Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. Carbon 2005, 43, 219-227. 

The initial Raman characterizations of supported metal oxides were conducted under ambient conditions. The first attempt to measure the Raman spectrum of M0O3/AI2O3 was reported by Trifiro et al. in 1972... 

IV. Instrumentation for UV Raman Characterization of Working Catalysts The Fluidized-Bed Reactor... 

The Raman characterization of different carbon nanomaterials in inert (Ar) atmosphere reveals a strong influence of the laser power (energy density) on the Raman spectra [59]. In general, an increase in the laser power leads to a decrease in the Raman frequency. For example, when using the most common excitation source in Raman spectroscopy - the 514-nm line of an Ar-ion laser - the G Band in the Raman spectrum of carbon onions (Fig. 12.22a) shifts from 1,594 cm (0.1 mW) down to 1,565 cm (0.7 mW). The downshift is related to an increase in the sample temperature and has been measured for other carbon materials including graphite and CNTs. 

Nishimura C, Imamura G, Fuji M, Kawashima T, Saitoh T, Hayashi S (2008) Raman characterization of Ge distribution in individual Sii cGS c alloy nanowires. Appl Phys Lett 93 203101... 

Imamura G, Kawashima T, Fujii M, Nishimura C, Saitoh T, Hayashi S (2009) Raman characterization of active B-concentration profiles in individual p-type/intrinsic and intrin-sic/p-type Si nanowires. J Phys Chem C 113 10901-10906... 

Nasdala E. and Massonne H. J. (2000) Microdiamonds from the Saxonian Erzgebirge, Germany in situ micro-Raman characterization. Euro. J. Mineral. 12, 495-498. 

H.D. Sun, Z.K. Tang, J. Chen, and G. Li, Synthesis and Raman Characterization of Monosized Single-wall Carbon Nanotubes in One-dimensional Channels of AlP04-5 Crystals. Appl. Phys. A, 1999, 69, 381-384. 

Chen, Y. and Wachs, I.E., Tantalum oxide-supported metal oxide (RcjO, CrO, MOO3, WO3, V2O5 and NbjOj) catalysts Synthesis, Raman characterization and chemically probed by methanol oxidation, J. Catal., 217, 468, 2003. 

The Raman characterization of silica gels is a by-product of researches on the sol-gel process to obtain silica glasses at low temperature from solutions of tetraalkoxysilanes. These spectra have two puzzling features that are also observed in the Raman spectrum of fused, vitreous (v) silica. Two peaks, at 490 cm-1 (called Di) and 604 cm-1 (called D2), are superimposed on the broad band at about 440 cm-1, which is the most intense signal in the spectrum of u-Si02. These two peaks are unusually... 

Murrell, L.L., S.J. Tauster and D.R. Anderson, 1991, Laser Raman characterization of surface phase precious metal oxides formed on Ce02, in Catalysis and Automotive Pollution Control II, ed. A. Cmcg (Elsevier, Amsterdam) pp. 275-289. 

Balkus et al. [847] applied the IR/KBr pellet technique and reported on the characterization of Rh(III)-salen ship-in-the-bottle complexes encapsulated in zeolite X and Y zeolites. In their more recent, excellent review article on Raman spectroscopy on zeolite systems, de Vos et al. [848] made reference to the formation and Raman characterization of complexes such as Ru-2,2 -bipyridine (cf. also [849]) and related compounds as well as to zeolite-confined Schiff bases, e.g., [Mn(salen)OH], in Na-Y, (cf also the IR study in Ref [848]). IR spectra of Na(I)-salen and Pd(II)-salen complexes in zeolite Y were shown in [850]. 

G.T. Babcock, R.T. Ingle, WA. Oertling, J.C. Davis, BA. Averill, C.L. Hulse, D J. Stufkens, B.G.M. Bolscher, and R. Wever, Raman characterization of human leukocyte myeloperoxidase and bovine spleen green haemoprotein. Insight into chromophore structure and evidence that the chromophores of myeloperoxidase are equivalent, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 828 58 (1985). 

S.S. Sibbett, SJ. Klebanoff, and J. K. Hurst, Resonance Raman characterization of the heme prosthetic group in eosinophil peroxidase, FEBS Lett. 189 271 (1985). 

Deconvolution of substrate Raman scattering from that of the deposited thin film is one of the major problems confronting Raman characterization of thin films. More advanced optical methods that... 

Various methods have been developed for Raman characterization of very thin films and amorphous phase films that exploit the optical properties of the film to enhance the intensity of the Raman scattered radiation. Such techniques involve the lateral transmission of light in thin films, interference phenomena upon reflection at interfaces, or direct absorption of the probe radiation by the thin film. Raman scattering experiments based on these phenomena exhibit an increase in sensitivity from one to several orders of magnitude and allow molecular characterization of very thin films. 

Raman characterization studies of thin optical films have been supported by the Materials Sciences Division of the Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U. S. Department of Energy. Previous support from the Air Force Weapons Laboratory under Contract P.O. 85-037 is gratefully acknowledged. Pacific Northwest Laboratory is operated by Battel le Memorial Institute for the U. S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC06-76RL0-1830. 

Raman Characterization of A11-Dielectric Multilayer Si02/Ti02 Optical... 

G. Socrates, Infrared and Raman Characterization, 3rd ed., John Wiley Sons, New York,... 

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