Tear gases

CH2CI-CO-CH3. Colourless lachrymatory liquid b.p. 119°C. Manufactured by treating propanone with bleaching powder or chlorine. It is used as a tear gas and is usually mixed with the more potent bromoacetone. chloro acids Complex chloroanions are formed by most elements of the periodic table by solution of oxides or chlorides in concentrated hydrochloric acid. Potassium salts are precipitated from solution when potassium chloride is added to a solution of the chloro acid, the free acids are generally unstable. 

Chlorine adds to ketene to form chloroacetyl chloride [79-04-9] (78). Chloroacetyl chloride (CAC) is used in large volume in the manufacture of the pre-emergence herbicides alachlor [15972-60-8] and butachlor [23184-66-9]. It is estimated that the CAC requirement for this appHcation was in excess of 45,000 metric tons in 1992. Significant volumes of CAC are also used in pharmaceutical manufacture, such as anesthetics of the Hdocaine type, and in the production of the tear gas chloroacetophenone [532-27-4]. Other commercial methods for the manufacture of CAC have been described (79). 

Lachrymator A lachrymator is an irritant that causes tearing (watering of the eyes). Examples include onions, tear gas, and pepper spray (capsaicin). Some typical lachrymating chemicals are thionyl chloride (SOClj) and acrolein (CHj=CH-CHO). Certain chemicals may say lachrymator on the label so treat these with respect. Use these only in a fume hood. Goggles or safety glasses are not adequate protection for lachrymators, because the fumes can still reach your eyes directly or through inhalation. 

Observahle Characteristics-P szca/State (as normally shipped) Liquid Color Colorless to yellow Odor Very sharp, pungent, like tear gas. 

Chemical Designations - Synonyms Phenacyl Chloride omega-Chloroacetophenone alpha-Chloroacetophenone Phenyl Chloromethyl Ketone Tear Gas Chloromethyl Phenyl Ketone Chemical Formula CeHjCOCHjCl. 

Reiz-gas, n. irritant gas, Mil.) tear gas or sneeze gas. -geschoss, n. irritant gas projectile. -gift, n. irritant poison, -kerze, /. Mil.) irritant candle, -korper, m. irritant substance, Mil.) lacrimator. reizloa, a. nonirritant, nonatimulating unattractive, insipid. 

T-Stoff, m. (Tranenstoff) tear gas, lacrimator hydrogen peroxide. 

The standard tear-producing agents currently in the US Army inventory for riot control are CS, CS1, CS2, CSX, and CR. The United States considers agent CN (popularly known as mace or tear gas) and its mixtures with various chemicals obsolete for military employment. This chapter includes these materials, however, for complete coverage of compounds with potential for use against US forces. This chapter also presents information regarding CN mixtures as an example of how agent properties can be tailored to the method of dissemination. 

Riot control/incapacitants, which cause extreme discomfort or mental confusion such as tear gas, chloroacetophenone (CN), or 3-quinuclidinylben-zilate (BZ). 

Ambros testified to a growing excitement as the train drew into the city of Paris. A man of the sternest discipline when subjected to the lachrymose properties of tear gas, with which he was quite familiar, he was near tears at the sight of the crowds. Call them not "just friends" — he loved them What he saw around Paris not only confirmed that the French were going to be a much happier people from now on, but augured well for his plan to get Frenchmen, by pure persuasive affection, to come to Germany. 

Swearengen, Thomas F. Tear Gas Munitions An Analysis of Commercial Riot Gas Guns, Tear Gas Projectiles, Grenades, Small Arms Ammunition, and Related Tear Gas Devices. Springfield, IL Charles C Thomas Publisher, 1966. 

Chloroacetophenone was among the many samples of possible war gases prepared by E. Emmet Reid and sent to the Bureau of Mines in 1917. Because there were no testing facilities for lachryma-tors until the central laboratory was completed, the value of this compound as a tear gas went unnoticed. It was January, 1918, before the results of the physiological tests were reported which showed chloroacetophenone to be superior to any other tear gas in use at the time (23). The Johns Hopkins University branch laboratory, in cooperation with a unit at American University then developed a method of synthesis. Although chloroacetophenone was not produced in quantity before the war ended, it became the standard tear gas used by civilian police after the war (38). 

Lindsey engendered other legends. Once, when a doctor asked some volunteers to enter a chamber filled with CS tear gas, Lindsey went right along with them and refused to come out. He found that if he could manage to tolerate the first twenty minutes or so, he would became adapted to the irritant effects and could function normally. This profoundly impressed both volunteers and staff. Ordinarily, even highly motivated soldiers would not submit to more than a few minutes - sometimes only seconds - of exposure to the painful effects of CS on eyes and respiratory passages. 

Ironically, the 1993 Chemical Warfare Convention, endorsed by the U.S., prohibited even the use of tear gas (although it remains permissible to use it in... 

Synonyms AI3-52322 BRN 0507950 CAP CAP Caswell No. 179C CCRIS 2370 Chemical mace 1-Chloroacetophenone 2-Chloroacetophenone Q-Chloroacetophenone Chloromethyl phenyl ketone 2-Chloro-l-phenylethanone CN EINECS 208-531-1 EPA pesticide chemical code 018001 Mace NC1-C55107 NSC 41666 Phenacyl chloride Phenyl chloromethyl ketone Tear gas UN 1697. 

Synonyms 2-Chloro-l-phenylethanone phenacyl chloride phenyl chloromethyl ketone tear gas chemical Mace... 

Uses. Chemical warfare agent (CN) principal constituent in riot control agent Mace in tear gas formulations for personal protection devices... 

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