Tear gas devices

Swearengen, Thomas F. Tear Gas Munitions An Analysis of Commercial Riot Gas Guns, Tear Gas Projectiles, Grenades, Small Arms Ammunition, and Related Tear Gas Devices. Springfield, IL Charles C Thomas Publisher, 1966. 

No information is available on NFPA 704 designations for riot-control agents. UN four-digit identification numbers are listed for several types of tear gas and containers. Grenades and tear gas candles are poison 6.1 and flammable solids. Tear gas devices are assigned the number 1700 devices and the remaining types of tear gas are listed as 1693. 

Tear gas devices, see Ammunition, Toxic, p.l9 Toxic gas, see Gases and Class 2, p.l04... 

Tear gas candles Tear gas cartridges Tear gas devices containing tear gas substances Tear gas grenades Tear gas substance, liquid, n.o.s. Tear gas substance, solid, n.o.s., SQQ Ammunition, Toxic, p.l9 Toxic, see Toxic Substances and Division 6.1, p.255... 

Security-type attachi cases or briefcases are equipped with devices that deter theft, including batteries that give powerful electric shocks to would-be thieves or provide power to run remote control activation systems, alarms, and sirens tear gas devices and small pyrotechnics designed to burst and mark either the thief or the contents with traceable or visible dyes and paints. 

Uses. Chemical warfare agent (CN) principal constituent in riot control agent Mace in tear gas formulations for personal protection devices... 

CN is a crystalline solid with a strong, pungent odor (see Figure 12.3). It is dispersed as a smoke, powder, or liquid formulation from grenades or other devices. It is perhaps better known under the trade name Chemical Mace and was once used widely for self-protection. It was also the standard tear gas used by the military (Figure 12.4) and police personnel. It has been replaced in favor of the less toxic CS for riot control and capsaicin pepper spray for self-defense. 

This device can be used as a fragmentation m1ne flare launcher, tear gas projector,. or as a dtr ectlonal mine or set gun. 

Self-defense spray means an aerosol or non-pressurized device that (1) Is intended to have an irritating or incapacitating effect on a person or animal and (2) Meets no hazard criteria other than for Class 9 (for example, a pepper spray see 173.140(a) of this subchapter) and, for an aerosol. Division 2.1 or 2.2 (see 173.115 of this subchapter), except that it may contain not more than two percent by mass of a tear gas substance (e.g., chloroacetophenone (CN) or 0-chlorobenzylmalo[no]nitrile (CS) see 173.132(a)(2) of this subchapter.) US 171.8... 

Tear Gas Candles, Non-Explosive Tear Gas Grenades, Non-Explosive Devices containing tear-producing substances which, in minute quantities dispersed in air, cause extreme eye irritation and profuse tears. IMO 6261... 

These concern the subject of matches, fireworks, the thermite process, and certain minor devices. An additional feature is a special chapter on spontaneous ignition of common materials and one on the dispersion of chemical agents, such as tear gas and insecticides. It has also been possible to add, with discretion, some of the matter on clandestine activities from and since World War 11—a subject that has been part of my and my company s effort. 

CN and CS are white, tan, or yellow crystals or dust. They are solids that vaporize easily. They are dispersed as fine particles or in solution. These agents are frequently dispersed using a flammable propellant such as isopropyl alcohol. They may ignite if there is an open flame. They may be dispersed by small spray cans, large spray tanks, or by explosive devices (tear gas grenades or shells) (Figure 2.14). 

OG is a yellowish to orange oily liquid that contains oil from cayenne pepper (oleoresin capsicum), dissolved in a propellant. It is usually dispersed by an aerosol canister or as a liquid delivered as a launched munitions or explosive device. Like tear gas, it is a skin irritant. This is nontoxic food product and not a lethal agent. It has a large safety margin. 

The lachrymators 2-chloroacetophenone and o-chlorobenzylmalonitrile in tear gas, bank security devices, etc., have been identified by GC-MS. Capillary GC has been utilized to discriminate waxes and greases in cosmetic materials such as lipsticks submitted in forensic casework. For applications of this sort the recent improvements in high-temperature GC are very useful. 

Both sides used tear gas early in World War I to harass opposing troops. Troops exposed to tear gas had to wear masks for long periods of time and were very uncomfortable in the old-fashioned, heavy, bulky devices. 

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