Taxes incentives

Tax incentives were utilized as part of the financing package to build the Modesto tires-to-energy power plant. Tax-free municipal bonds were issued to borrow money from investors to build the plant. Utilizing tax-free municipal bonds allowed borrowing the money at a lower interest rate. 

Entrepreneurs are clearly responsive to tax incentives in building a major waste tire processing facility such as this one. If a state or local government deemed it especially desirable to site such a facility they could enact legislation to award appropriate tax breaks. 

The utility buy-back rates paid to tires-to-energy facilities have an effect similar to tax incentives. The difference is that the money ultimately comes from the utility customers rather than the tax payers. No state has yet attempted to use state funding to subsidize tires-to-energy plants. 

Each year over 240 million tires are scrapped. Current trends indicate that about 6 percent of these tires are being recycled as products and 11 percent used as fuel. About 5 percent are exported. The rest are being landfilled, stockpiled, or dumped illegally. 

The primary concern is to reduce the number of tires in uncontrolled stockpiles or illegal dumps. These tires are often sites of mosquito infestation, with the potential for spreading dangerous mosquito-borne diseases. Large tire dumps can also lead to fires with major releases of air pollution and hazardous organic chemicals into surface and groundwater. 

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Tautomerism Tax gallon Taxifolin Taxilan Tax incentives Taxol [330d9-d2-4]... 

Ref. 10. Assumes noncrisis conditions, tax incentives and PURPA ia place continued to 2000, no legislative mandates to embark on an off-oil campaign, and total consumption of 91.7 EJ ia 2000. 

The Energy PoHcy Act of 1992 (H.R. 776) has Hberalized the rules concerning biofuels and provides tax incentives for increased usage. Many states also have gasohol fuel tax exemptions in place, and some have enacted legislation that requites use of oxygenated fuels under certain conditions. Most of these laws impact favorably on biofuels usage. 

Ethers, such as MTBE and methyl / fZ-amyl ether (TAME) are made by a catalytic process from methanol (qv) and the corresponding isomeric olefin. These ethers have excellent octane values and compete on an economic basis with alkylation for inclusion in gasoline. Another ether, ethyl tert-huty ether (ETBE) is made from ethanol (qv) and isobutylene (see Butylenes). The cost and economic driving forces to use ETBE vs MTBE or TAME ate a function of the raw material costs and any tax incentives that may be provided because of the ethanol that is used to produce it. 

Several states that have a large number of CPI plants offer various types of tax incentives. Louisiana, for instance, offers a 10-yr tax exemption from property taxes on buildings, equipment, and improvements to land (2). Texas, which has a large petrochemical industry, offers a 7-yr tax abatement program. Neither of these states have a state income tax. Both states offer a tax credit for each job created and provide free worker training. 

Concentration of influence in small groups Tax incentives for new businesses... 

Potential tax incentives. In an effort to promote pollution prevention, taxes may eventually need to be levied to encourage waste generators to consider reduction programs. Conversely, tax breaks could be developed for corporations that utilize pollution-prevention methods to foster pollution prevention. 

Major disincentives to enhanced oil recovery are the lack of tax incentives and a substantial decline in the price of oil since the end of 1981. All the investment in new wells and surface facilities and injectants must take place before any incremental oil is produced. 

The above reaction can be carried out in the presence of a variety of catalysts including Ni, Cu/Zn, Cu/SiO, Pd/SiO, and Pd/ZnO. In the case of coal, it is first pulverized and cleaned, then fed to a gasifier bed where it is reacted with oxygen and steam to produce the syngas. A 2 1 mole ratio of hydrogen to carbon monoxide is fed to a fixed-catalyst bed reactor for methanol production. Also, the technology for making methanol from natural gas is already in place and in wide use. Ciurent natural gas feedstocks are so inexpensive that even with tax incentives renewable methanol has not been able to compete economically. 

Others consider the Canadian programs for assistance to technological innovation to be a model which other governments might well emulate. The new tax incentives announced April 78... 

When added to the opportunities that are now being created through tax incentives for environmentally responsible commercial and residential construction, flexible foams in housing and construction applications appear to be headed for future growth. 

Other financing mechanisms which are being pursued include targeted use of debt relief funds, tax incentives in high-income countries, in kind funding in the form of medicines donations, and solidarity funds. 

The hydrogen and fuel cells projects are funded by a mix of public and private sources and through tax incentives. The estimated annual budget is over 30 million, which includes about 8-10 million in public funding. 

In Sweden, three-way catalysts have been required on all cars since 1989, and tax incentives were offered to purchase such vehicles in the 1987 and 1988 model years. Figure 16.34 shows the CO and hydrocarbon exhaust emissions as a function of model year of gasoline-powered cars, measured using a remote-sensing technique (Sjodin, 1994). There is a large decrease in the emissions from 1987 to 1988 and 1989, supporting the effectiveness of these motor vehicle exhaust controls. 

The Orphan Drug Act encourages companies to develop drugs to help patients with rare disorders by offering tax incentives and exclusive sales rights. 

The export provision in the DRRA will allow, under certain restrictions, drugs that contain an entity, or entities, for which there is not an approved monograph(s) to be marketed outside the United States. This provision can be expected to slow, to some extent, the shift of pharmaceutical firm investment abroad. The extent, again, depends on how the Act is administered. There are other factors, however, affecting investment abroad--investment and tax incentives, wage rates, availability of scientific personnel, etc. These factors may swamp the effect of the export provision. 

The public sector presently leaves almost all drug development to the pharmaceutical industry. Clearly, industry incentives drive investment almost exclusively toward developing drugs that are likely to be marketable and profitable. Tax incentives and patent protection are geared towards this market-driven private investment. 

Push mechanisms induce firms to undertake research in specific areas by reducing the firm s private cost of research. There are two widely used types of push mechanisms direct funding incentives and tax incentives. Tax incentives reduce the firm s cost of research by allowing tax credits for relevant research and may be useful in some situations. 

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