Tasks execution

Three approaches to the automation process can be distinguished, taking into account the criterion of the flexibility of the automation device [2], The first, denoted as flexible, is characterized by the possibility of adaptation of the instruments to new and varying demands required from the laboratory examples of these instruments are robots. The second approach, denoted as semiflexible, involves some restrictions for the tasks executed by the instrument the tasks are controlled by a computer program and its menu. As examples, autosamplers or robots of limited moves can be given. In the third approach, the instruments can execute one or two tasks, without feasibility of new requirements as examples, supercritical fluid extractors or equipment for dissolution of samples can be given. 

The Analysis Task KB contains all kinds of analysis plan elements from abstract task components to specific tasks. Abstract components have information for plan refinement in the form of templates. Specific tasks include sampling methods, pretreatments, equipment tests, analysis methods defined in the Japan Industrial Standards and others. A specific task has information on the conditions and constraints of the task application, instructions for the task execution and so on. 

During laboratory studies, effects of interest are usually studied in an isolated way. This means that experimental tasks are often simplified to the points of interest, and performed with controlled and, if necessary, systematically varied conditions. Thus, a relation between external conditions and psychophysiological measures can be evaluated directly. In contrast, real work tasks and field studies involve considerable complexity. A complex task is at first characterized by numerous task elements performed sequentially and, possibly, simultaneously. In most cases, subjeets are, at least to a certain degree, autonomous to process a task in an individual manner and with individually varied pace. Obviously, the matmer of task execution may have an effect on psychophysiological reactions and, consequently, psychophysiologieal measures. Even more, situa-... 

The autonomy of executing a complex task in an individual manner obviously complicates the interpretation of psychophysiological measures. On the basis of the stress- strain concept, a deeper insight into the backgrounds of action control will be outlined to explain the variations in and interactions between task execution, work strain, and performance. 

Kohlisch, O., Kuhmann, W. (1997). System response time and readiness for task execution— the optimum duration of intertask delays. Prgonow/cs, 40, 265-280. 

Consortium experts, in charge of each project s task, executed specific missions to the BN-350 site. Project review meetings were organised in Kazakhstan and in Europe. The Kazakhstan Atomic Energy Committee was associated to these reviews, in consideration of... 

A hst of the different actors to be involved in the procedure under analysis and indication about the relevant part of the plant, tools and equipment the actors are likely to come in contact with during task execution. 

Following the indications provided by the end users the Task Modeler within Virthualis would have to provide a structuredinterviewtemplateforthehumanfactorprac-titioner so that he can reconstruct a model of an actual task execution considering also the deviation from the nominal task flow and its consequences. This can be used to evaluate the data collected and as a structure interview template for the evaluation interviews with... 

Once TSA has been established, interactions infrequently occur in the task execution phase. Each member executes his/her own task almost autonomously following the presumed role assignment of the shared task model that corresponds to the established TSA. 

According to Kanno s cognitive process model, inferences can take place across different layers. Some observable state changes from the environment and/or interface related to the task execution enable one to infer his/her partner s awareness regarding intention or actions. 

The working environments of task allocation can be static or dynamic [4]. Static task allocation assumes completely known information about the environment, such as the number of tasks and robots, the arrival time of tasks, and the process of task execution. Traditionally, applications in multi-robot domains have largely remained in static scenarios, with an aim to minimise a cost function, such as total path length, or execution time of the team. Obviously, static approaches cannot adapt to changes in a dynamic environment. 

Dynamic task allocation, on the other hand, makes decisions based on real-time information and is therefore more adaptive to changes. This chapter assumes a set of dynamically released tasks to be completed by a team of robots, and the conditions of the work process keep changing during task execution. This kind of dynamic working environment is ubiquitous in real-life applications, such as exploring and mapping by robots in unknown environments, unexpected adversarial targets in combats, stochastic pickups and delivery transport services, etc. [5]. 

A = Accountable must charter and be held accountable for task execution. 

What is new about supply chain management is the idea that it is a chain of multiple companies that delivers products and services, not chains of individual departments. To avoid one department or trading partner reducing its own costs at the expense of another, it is particularly important that cost reduction be a cross-functional and cross-company initiative. This discipline also addresses the way numbers are collected, allocated, and reported. So, Finance should be an important contributor to task execution. 

X. Jiang, B. Zheng, G. Tien, and M. S. Atkins, "Pupil response to precision in surgical task execution," Medicine Meets Virtual Reality (MMVR), February 2013. 

If a concurrent processing philosophy has been adopted rather than sequential task execution ... 

Emerging hazards during a task execution, and hazards with a changing risk level, were not always detected or fully appreciated ... 

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