Targeting options

The V torld Bank has contributed to the large body of material available on targeting. Some key readings by methods are listed below. 

Overview. Coady, Grosh, and Hoddinott (2004) provide a comprehensive overview of targeting issues and methods and international comparisons based on a review of 122 programs in 

Individual or Household Assessment. Castaneda and Lindert (2005) provide an in-depth treatment of the implementation details of household targeting systems based on case studies of Brazii s unverified means test Chile s, Colombia s, Costa Rica s, and Mexico s proxy means tests and the verified means tests used in the United States. It is especially rich in dealing with the details of data collection, database management, and the like. 

Tesliuo and others (forthcoming) provide an in-depth treatment of the implementation of means-tested systems based on case studies in Albania, Bulgaria, the Kyrgyz Republic, Lithuania, and Romania and on Armenia s proxy means test. 

Conning and Kevane (2001) summarize the little that is known about community-based targeting systems. 

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Paid syndication vendors offer many targeting options, and you can often target leads based on the following criteria ... 

Not surprisingly, costs are several times higher than conventional wells. Nevertheless, overall project economics may favour ERD over other development options. For example, BP developed the offshore part of the Wytch Farm Oilfield (which is located under Poole Harbour in Dorset, UK) from an onshore location. The wells targeted the reservoir at a vertical depth of 1,500 meters with a lateral displacement of over 8,000 meters (Fig. 3.20). The alternative was to build a drilling location on an artificial island in Poole Bay. ERD probably saved a considerable amount of money and advanced first oil by several years. 

Phase III Synthesis. (/) Identify options identify opportunities, target problem areas, and confirm options. 2) Evaluate options technical, environmental, and economic. (J) Prepare action plan waste reduction plan, production efficiency plan, and training. 

Performance criteria for SCR are analogous to those for other catalytic oxidation systems NO conversion, pressure drop, catalyst/system life, cost, and minimum SO2 oxidations to SO. An optimum SCR catalyst is one that meets both the pressure drop and NO conversion targets with the minimum catalyst volume. Because of the interrelationship between cell density, pressure drop, and catalyst volume, a wide range of optional catalyst cell densities are needed for optimizing SCR system performance. 

The Action plans will also include options for controlling nutrient inputs in the upstream catchments of affected stillwaters. These are likely to include reduction of nutrients from both point and diffuse sources and a range of different combinations aimed at reaching the target concentrations of nutrients required to achieve control in the receiving waters. 

In the technological approach, qualitative and quantitative inforraatioii on emissions released by various production and work processes, as well as data on control technology performance, are required in order to specify the air quality target levels that are technically and economically feasible. The approach is based on information on current concentration levels that are achieved by different control technologies, ranging from standard practices to the most advanced technology options (Fig. 6.7). 

Choosing the second option, we would increase the flowrates in zones I and decrease the flowrate in zone IV. Then adjust the flowrates in zones II and III (the feed flowrate is slightly decreased to improve the margin in these two zones). With the assistance of the simulation program, we can determine to what degree the flowrates should be decreased or increased to obtain the target purity. 

Economists differ widely in their views on the practical importance of these market failures, on what remedies are appropriate, and whether governments can satisfactorily remedy the problem. One clear principle is that the problem be identified as precisely as possible and the assistance be targeted as closely as possible to the problem. For example, if information is inadequate, providing knowledge about options would be preferable to aiding a specific option. The three justifications for subsidies set a minimum test of aid that many programs fail to pass. 

From the comparison it follows that route (1), direct incineration in MSWls, is generally the least favoiuable option in environmental terms. Hence, there is no doubt that the targets in the EU Packaging directive, which aim to steer away from incinerating plastics packaging in MSWls, have a sound rationale. 

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