TAPPI procedure

General Procedures. Optical brightness pads of hardwood BCTMP and cellulose were prepared following TAPPI procedures (IS). All handsheets were extracted with methanol followed by dichloromethane, vacuum dried, and stored at below 0° C prior to use. Cotton linter handsheets had an average Tappi brightness value of 86.5 0.1 and the BCTMP... 

The Klason lignin content was determined by the TAPPI procedure (tf), and the ash content was determined at 750 °C. Viscosity determinations on a number of hemicellulose preparations indicated an average degree of polymerization of between 60 and 70 (7). 

Cellulose content TAPPI procedure T203 om-93 Wheat straw 67... 

Latexes of synthetic resins are identified by ir spectrometry. Selective extraction with organic solvents is used to obtain purified fractions of the polymers for spectrometric identification. Polymeric films can be identified by the multiple internal reflectance ir technique, if the film is smooth enough to permit intimate contact with the reflectance plate. TAPPI and ASTM procedures have not been written for these instmmental methods, because the interpretation of spectra is not amenable to standardization. 

Brightness values were determined following Tappi standard procedure T-452 and T-534. 

Biomass was analyzed for carbohydrate, lignin, and ash content by the following standard procedures carbohydrates and lignin by the Klason procedure (modified TAPPI T-13 m-54 and ASTM D1106), and ash by ASTM D1102. Details of the procedures adopted in our laboratory... 

If the question of fiber composition is recognized by both the manufacturer and the user, the choice of a fiber furnish which has the necessary qualities is achieved by agreement. When the fiber source is unknown to the purchaser, a fiber analysis is a necessary requirement. Procedures for fiber analysis are well standardized and reliable—e.g., TAPPI standard T401 (3) and ASTM D1030 ( 4). 

The average molecular weight of a cellulose preparation may be found by a number of techniques, but it is most conveniently evaluated by determination of the viscosity in a suitable solvent. Detailed procedures are given in TAPPI standards T206 and T230 and in ASTM standard D1795, Intrinsic Viscosity of Cellulose. The distribution of molecular weights can be determined for additional evaluation of the material, but the fractionation procedures required prohibit use of the necessary operations as a routine characterization. 

The content of acid-soluble iron in paper is determined by TAPPI standard T434 (iron combined in clay and other complex compounds is presumed to be nonreactive). The presence of iron can be shown by the color produced upon wetting the paper briefly with warm 6N hydrochloric acid and then adding a solution of potassium ferrocyanide or thiocyanate localized specks of iron or rust are indicated by the more intense color formation. Complete analysis of paper for metallic elements has been accomplished by chemical procedures, emission spec-trography, scanning electron microscopy/x-ray, and neutron activation. 

Folding endurance under tension (10) is a favorite physical property for research on paper permanence and is the basis for the TAPPI method (16). Application of the mechanism involved in this test procedure, however, is unknown in practical uses for paper. Comparisons among product choices and estimates of their useful life should be based upon tests that assess physical properties of practical interest. Retention of reflective brightness, tear strength, tensile energy absorption, and... 

Berzins V (1965) A rapid procedure for the determination of kappa number Tappi 48 15-20 Berzins V (1966) Micro-kappa numbers Pulp Pap Mag Can 67 T206-T208 Bethge PO, Gran G, Ohlsson K-E (1952) Determination of lignin in chemical wood pulp I Principles and methods Sven Papperstidn 55 44-48 Bihkova A (1973) Verification of analytical methods for the determination of lignin in water Vodm Hospod 23(2) 44, Abstr Bull Inst Pap Chem 48 1245 Birkett MD, Gambino MJT (1989) Estimation of pulp kappa number with near-infrared spectroscopy Tappi J 72(9) 193-197... 

Colombo P, Corbetta D, Pirotta A, Ruffini G (1962) Chlorine number as a method for evaluation of lignin content of a pulp Pulp Pap Mag Can 63 T126-T140 Effland MJ (1977) Modified procedure to determine acid insoluble lignin in wood and pulp Tappi 60(10) 143-144... 

Development of a basic procedure. Tappi 40 691-694 Tasman JE, Berzins V (1957b) The permanganate consumption of pulp materials. II. The KAPPA number. Tappi 40 695- 699... 

Trout PE, Franckowiak PA, Ham JL, Browning BL, Bublitz LO (1953) Routine determination of lignin in semichemical pulps by a modified Tingle procedure. Tappi 36 123-126 van Zyl JD (1978) Notes on the spectrophotometric determination of lignin in wood samples. Wood Sci Technol 12 251-259... 

TAPPI Testing Procedures. TAPPI publishes a comprehensive set of test methods for the evaluation of pulp, paper, paperboard, and paper-making materials. Several of these methods are useful to archivists, librarians, and conservators. As the cost of the complete set of standards is substantial, TAPPI has made available as a separate set a group of standards (36) entitled TAPPI Standards and Suggested Methods Suitable for Use in the Examination of Paper for Books, Documents, and Works of Art on Paper . 

Berzins V (1965) A rapid procedure for the determination of kappa number. Tappi 48 15-20... 

The wastes were milled and screen-sieved. Wastes composition was determined in terms of the major constituent biopolymers, holocellulose (cellulose + hemicellulose) and lignin, and extractive components that are soluble in ethanol-benzene. Lignin and extractives were isolated according to TAPPI standard methods. Holocellulose was obtained following the procedure described elsewhere (9). 

Holocellulose. Holocellulose is the total polysaccharide (cellulose and hemicelluloses) content of wood, and methods for its determination seek to remove all of the lignin from wood without disturbing the carbohydrates. The procedure generally used (34) was adopted as Tappi Standard T9m (now useful method 249), and as ASTM Standard D 1104. Extracted wood meal is treated alternately with chlorine gas and 2-aminoethanol until a white residue (holocellulose) remains. The acid chlorite method is also used (3). The... 

Tappi standard T 223 outlines the procedure for pentosan analysis. Briefly, wood meal is boiled in 3.85 N HCl with some NaCl added. Furfural is generated and distilled into a collection flask. The furfural is determined colorimetrically with orcinol-iron(III) chloride reagent. Another method also generates furfural, and the furfural is determined gravimetrically by precipitation with 1,3,5-benzenetriol. These and other methods of pentosan analysis are described and discussed in Browning s book (36). 

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