Tappi Standard

Paper Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry Technology Park/ Atlantic P.O. Box 105113 Atlanta, Ga. 30348 TAPPI Standards and TAPPI Yearbook cover all aspects of pulp (qv) and paper (qv) testing and associated standards. 

Cellulose Woodpulp(Sulfite) " (For use in explosives) 2)Ott, 5, part 1(1954), 12 3)ASTM Standards, Part 7, Test D 588-42, Philadelphia(1955), 843-8(Same as TAPPI Standard Method T 429 48)... 

Preliminary Remarks. The material to be hydrolyzed should be in a milled or pulverized condition or reduced to minute pieces. Wood and pulp samples should be extracted with ethanol-benzene and ethanol according to TAPPI-Standard T6m-59. Each method described below can be applied to 2-50 mg of material. The evaporator for removing the TFA should be kept in a hood. Contact of the acid with skin and eyes must be avoided. 

Other Instrumentation. Brightness of pulp handsheets was measured with a Technibrite TB-1 instrument using Tappi Standard T525 om-86 [13]. Diffuse reflectance as well as transmission FT-IR spectra were obtained on a Nicolet 6000c spectrophotometer. 

Brightness values were determined following Tappi standard procedure T-452 and T-534. 

TAPPI Standards and Suggested Methods T 452 am-83 Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, Atlanta, GA. 

TAPPI Standards and Provisional Methods. Tech. Assoc. Pulp Paper Industry Atlanta, GA, 1977. 

If the question of fiber composition is recognized by both the manufacturer and the user, the choice of a fiber furnish which has the necessary qualities is achieved by agreement. When the fiber source is unknown to the purchaser, a fiber analysis is a necessary requirement. Procedures for fiber analysis are well standardized and reliable—e.g., TAPPI standard T401 (3) and ASTM D1030 ( 4). 

The average molecular weight of a cellulose preparation may be found by a number of techniques, but it is most conveniently evaluated by determination of the viscosity in a suitable solvent. Detailed procedures are given in TAPPI standards T206 and T230 and in ASTM standard D1795, Intrinsic Viscosity of Cellulose. The distribution of molecular weights can be determined for additional evaluation of the material, but the fractionation procedures required prohibit use of the necessary operations as a routine characterization. 

The content of acid-soluble iron in paper is determined by TAPPI standard T434 (iron combined in clay and other complex compounds is presumed to be nonreactive). The presence of iron can be shown by the color produced upon wetting the paper briefly with warm 6N hydrochloric acid and then adding a solution of potassium ferrocyanide or thiocyanate localized specks of iron or rust are indicated by the more intense color formation. Complete analysis of paper for metallic elements has been accomplished by chemical procedures, emission spec-trography, scanning electron microscopy/x-ray, and neutron activation. 

TAPPI Standard Method A-452m-58, Brightness of Paper and Paper-... 

TAPPI Standard Method T-414ts-65, Internal Tearing Resistance of... 

TAPPI Standard Method T-453ts-63, Relative Stability of Paper (by... 

TAPPI Standard Method T-203os-61, currently T-203os-74, a-, and... 

TAPPI Standard Method T-223ts-63, currently T-223os-71, Pentosans in... 

TAPPI Standard Method T-215m-50, currently T-430os-75, Copper... 

TAPPI Testing Procedures. TAPPI publishes a comprehensive set of test methods for the evaluation of pulp, paper, paperboard, and paper-making materials. Several of these methods are useful to archivists, librarians, and conservators. As the cost of the complete set of standards is substantial, TAPPI has made available as a separate set a group of standards (36) entitled TAPPI Standards and Suggested Methods Suitable for Use in the Examination of Paper for Books, Documents, and Works of Art on Paper . 

TAPPI Standard T203 os-74, Alpha-, Beta-, Gamma-Cellulose in Pulp . 

TAPPI Standard T212 os-76, One Per Cent Sodium Hydroxide Solubility of Wood and Pulp ... 

TAPPI Standard T430 os-75, Copper Number of Pulp, Paper, and Paper-board . 

TAPPI Standard T230 os-76, Viscosity of Pulp (Capillary Viscometer Method) . 

The pulp to be treated with cellulolytic enzymes should first be screened in a laboratory flat screen to remove any shives. The screened pulp is beaten either in a laboratory Hollander beater (TAPPI Standard Method T 200 os-70) or in a PFI mill (TAPPI Standard Method T 248cm-85), depending on the amount of pulp to be treated, to a final Canadian Standard Freeness of 200-300 ml. The beating operation helps convert shives into fibers and improves the digestibility of the pulp towards cellulolytic enzymes. The pulp is dewatered to a consistency of approximately 25% and stored in a polyethylene bag after fluffing. 

The wastes were milled and screen-sieved. Wastes composition was determined in terms of the major constituent biopolymers, holocellulose (cellulose + hemicellulose) and lignin, and extractive components that are soluble in ethanol-benzene. Lignin and extractives were isolated according to TAPPI standard methods. Holocellulose was obtained following the procedure described elsewhere (9). 

Holocellulose. Holocellulose is the total polysaccharide (cellulose and hemicelluloses) content of wood, and methods for its determination seek to remove all of the lignin from wood without disturbing the carbohydrates. The procedure generally used (34) was adopted as Tappi Standard T9m (now useful method 249), and as ASTM Standard D 1104. Extracted wood meal is treated alternately with chlorine gas and 2-aminoethanol until a white residue (holocellulose) remains. The acid chlorite method is also used (3). The... 

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