Tail-pressure test

Cyclo(His-D-Leu) acts as a hydrolytic catalyst. Cyclo(Leu-Gly) blocks the development of (1) physical dependence on morphine, (2) tolerance to the pharmacological effects of /3-endorphin, (3) tolerance to haloperidol-induced catalepsy and hypothermia, and (4) dopaminergic supersensitivity after chronic morphine administration. Cyclo(Tyr-Arg), a synthetic analogue of kyortorphin (an endogenous analgesic peptide), and its A-methyl tyrosine derivatives are more potent than kyotorphin in the mouse tail pressure test. ... 

Mouse tail pressure test. Mouse hot plate test. 

Antagonism of EDS0 dose of morphine in mice by tail pressure test, all values in mg/kg... 

Determined in the mouse vas deferens Determined in rat tail pressure test... 

The perforation wash tool is retrieved and the packer run in the hole with a work string, set at the desired depth and tested. An annular pressure test of 1,000 psi is usually sufficient. The packer is run with or without a tail pipe, depending on the operation to be performed. If cement is to be spotted in front of the perforations, a tail pipe that covers the length of the zone plus 10 to 15 ft must be run with the packer. 

Analgesic activity. Ethanol (50%) extract of the entire plant, administered intraperi-toneally to mice at a dose of 250 mg/kg, was active vs tail pressure method Flavonoid fraction of the leaf, administered intraperi-toneally to mice, was active 5 The inflorescence, administered orally to male rats, produced weak activity vs paw pressure test. 

Various concentrations of local anesthetic or saline are injected intrathecally in a volume of 20 pi or epidurally in a volume of 100 pi followed by 10 pi saline to flush the catheter. Tail flick test, paw pressure test and motor function were performed 10,20,30,60, 120, 180, and 240 min after injection and continued daily for 4 days. 

Jcmes R Paschal (author s closure)— For the purposes of this paper, the only testing done directly on piping joints was the hydrostatic burst testing, shown as the Tail Pressure in Table 3. Conducting a controlled shear test on a joint is being considered as an alternative method within a separate project at ASTM. 

The most commonly used analgesic tests utilize a chemical, thermal or mechanical nociceptive stimulus, for example, rodent paw pressure, tail flick or hot plate assays. 

Tracer tests are extremely difficult to conduct and process so as to give accurate moments. Most errors are associated either with the start of the transient, where undesired pulses in pressure or flow rate accompany the tracer transient, or they arise from the tail, where small drifts in baseline of the instruments used to detect and record tracer transients mean that high-order moments fail to converge satisfactorily. In practice, experimental moments of higher order than second can seldom be used for parameter extraction Sect. 6 is a brief introduction to alternative techniques for estimating parameters. 

If excessive tailing of the pyridine peak in the chromatographic trace causes difficulty in interpretation (e.g. with pentoses) proceed as follows. Transfer the supernatant liquid of the centrifuged solution by means of a dry dropper pipette to a small test tube and attach a suitable adapter which is fitted to a cooled vacuum trap and pump. Remove the pyridine under reduced pressure continuous agitation of the tube in a water bath held at about 50 °C is advisable. Dilute the viscous residue with 0.5 ml of dichloromethane and re-chromatograph. 

Data are presented as mean SEM. Tail flick latencies and paw pressure thresholds were converted to the percentage of maximal possible effect. The area under the time-effect curve was calculated by accumulating the effect measured at discrete time intervals using the trapezoidal integration method. The results were analyzed by ANOVA with repeated measures followed by Scheffe and Dunnett tests. The injury score for each technique and each solution was compared using two-way ANOVA followed by the Scheffe test. The frequency (i.e., the number of rats with lesions) in each group was analyzed by chi-square test. 

Anaesthetized rats are fixed in supine position on a temperature-controlled (37 °C) heating-table. Following catheterization of a carotid artery (for measurement of blood pressure) and a jugular vein, the test compound is administered. After a defined latency period, the tail of the rat is transected with a razor-blade mounted on a self-constructed device at a distance of 4 mm from the tip of the tail. Immediately after transection, the tail is immersed into a bath filled with isotonic saline solution (37 °C). 

Spontaneously hypertensive rats can be used to screen compounds for antihypertensive effects and for effects on heart rate. The animals are dosed for one or a few days. Blood pressure and heart rate are measured by means of an inflatable cuff around the tail. Most classes of antihypertensives will be detected. Agents such as beta-adrenergic antagonists will be detected by decreased heart rate. Other rat models include deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-induced hypertensive, renal hypertensive (one or both renal arteries clamped), and stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertensive dogs produced by clamping one or both renal arteries may also be used to test or verify antihypertensive activity in a second species. 

The action of lobeline (237) as a nicotinic receptor agonist has continued to generate considerable interest. (-)-Lobeline demonstrated a potent hyperalgesic effect, similar to that of nicotine, when tested in the low intensity thermally evoked tail avoidance response assay [514]. It improved cognition and retention in rats comparably to nicotine [515]. Both 237 and nicotine exhibited anxiolytic effects in mice [516] and partially inhibited iV-methyl-D-aspartate-induced responses in rat cortical neurons in vitro [517]. It was a potent inhibitor of nicotine-induced prostration in rats (ED50 = 10 nM) and antagonized additional actions of nicotine including systolic blood pressure increases, seizure, and death [518]. 

To determine the effects of the test compound on blood gases, heart rate, and arterial blood pressure in separate groups, physiological determinations are performed. To observe the interaction between test compound and anesthesia, the determinations in awake or in anesthetized rats are performed. The ventral tail... 

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