Tablet physical

D.S. Hausman, R.T. Cambron and A. Sakr, Application of on-line Raman spectroscopy for characterizing relationships between drug hydration state and tablet physical stability, Int. J. Pharm., 299, 19-33 (2005). 

The studies described in this chapter are restricted to the physical stability of tablets. Physical properties that are of interest are e.g. crushing strength, friability, disintegration time and dissolution profile. One of the causes of... 

E. Graff, A.H. Ghanem, H. Mahmoud and H. Abdel-Alim, Studies on the direct compression of pharmaceuticals. 19. Effect of moisture on tablet physical parameters and bioavailability. Pharm. Ind., 48 (1986) 292. 

The success in manufacturing the tablet formulation (with varying batch sizes of 250-900 kg) and achieving reproducible tablet physical results was due in part to the robustness of the formulation design and the active drug s compressibility characteristics. Illustration of the different particle size distributions observed and equipment parameters employed to achieve the desired results are noted in Tables 1 to 3 (1). 

Evaluate tablet physical properties Manufacturability Mass per unit time Mass flow rate (kg/h)... 

TABLE 6.16 Impact of Lubrication Time for Drug A Final Blend on Tablet Physical Properties... 

TABLE 6.22 Influence of Tablet Physical Properties on Tablet Quality Attributes... 

Tablet Physical Property Tablet Quality Attribute...

Bioavailability, Bioequivalence, and Pharmacokinetics. Bioavailabihty can be defined as the amount and rate of absorption of a dmg into the body from an adrninistered dmg product. It is affected by the excipient ingredients in the product, the manufacturing technologies employed, and physical and chemical properties of the dmg itself, eg, particle size and polymorphic form. Two dmg products of the same type, eg, compressed tablets, that contain the same amount of the same dmg are pharmaceutical equivalents, but may have different degrees of bioavailabihty. These are chemical equivalents but are not necessarily bioequivalents. For two pharmaceutically equivalent dmg products to be bioequivalent, they must achieve the same plasma concentration in the same amount of time, ie, have equivalent bioavadabihties. 

During the preformulation stage, the chemical and physical properties of the dmg moiety are studied exhaustively to ensure stabdity, safety, bioavadabdity, and therapeutic efficacy. Tablets are produced directly by compression of powder blends or granulations, which include a small percentage of fine, particle-sized powders. 

L-Ascorbic acid is used as a micronutrient additive in pharmaceutical, food, feed, and beverage products, as weU as in cosmetic appHcations. The over-the-counter (OTC) vitamin market is strong, growing in demand, and vitamin C is available in the form of piUs and tablets to supplement the daily diet to maintain peak physical performance. 

Two or more soHd catalyst components can be mixed to produce a composite that functions as a supported catalyst. The ingredients may be mixed as wet or dry powders and pressed into tablets, roUed into spheres, or pelletized, and then activated. The promoted potassium ferrite catalysts used to dehydrogenate ethylbenzene in the manufacture of styrene or to dehydrogenate butanes in the manufacture of butenes are examples of catalysts manufactured by pelletization and calcination of physically mixed soHd components. In this case a potassium salt, iron oxide, and other ingredients are mixed, extmded, and calcined to produce the iron oxide-supported potassium ferrite catalyst. 

In the last several decades, physical properties of vaginal contraceptive formulations have been improved to deUver spermicide more effectively and enhance consumer compliance. The formulation that deUvers the spermicide can affect the efficacy of vaginal contraceptives (86,87). Formulations currentiy available include jeUies, creams, suppositories, aerosol foams, and foaming tablets. Each consists of a relative inert base material that serves as a carrier for the chemically active spermicide and blocks to some extent the passage of sperm. 

The oral route is the most frequent route of drug administration and rarely causes physical discomfort in patients. Oral drug forms include tablets, capsules, and liquids. Some capsules and tablets contain sustained-release drag s, which dissolve over an extended period of time. Administration of oral dru is relatively easy for patients who are alert and can swallow. 

Assess the patient s need for assistance in removing the tablet or capsule from the container, holding the container, holding a medicine cup, or holding a glass of water. Some patients with physical disabilities cannot handle or hold these objects and may require assistance... 

When an antineoplastic drag is administered orally, the nurse must handle the drag safely. Gloves are considered acceptable if physical contact with the tablet or capsule is necessary. 

The Cadila system [13] has been designed to formulate tablets for drugs based on their physical (solubility, hydroscopicity, etc), chemical (functional groups), and biologically interrelated (dissolution rate) properties. The system first identifies the desirable properties for optimum compatibility with the drug, selects those excipients that have the required properties, and then recommends proportions based on the assumption that all tablet formulations comprise at least one binder, one disintegrant, and one lubricant. Other... 

It is possible to distinguish two types of DC formulations (a) those where a major proportion is an active ingredient, and (b) those where the active ingredient is a minor component (i.e., <10% of the compression weight). In the former case, the inherent characteristics of the drug molecule, in particular the ability to prepare a physical form that will tablet directly, will have profound effects on the tablet s characteristics. 

---