Systemic deficiencies, design

A trained individual or team should audit the PSM program and evaluate the system s design and effectiveness. Companies are required to conduct audits every three years to ensure that they are in compliance with the PSM regulation. These audits may be conducted by the company s corporate personnel, sister company personnel, or in-plant personnel. Prompt response to audit findings and documentation that deficiencies were corrected are required. 

Systemic deficiencies in the design. This is where the design lends itself to a tendency for maintenance errors to be realised. An example might be the potential for incorrect connection of duplicated components due to inadequate cable clipping or insufficient provision of different electrical connector keyways. These vulnerabilities could be obtained from conducting the CMA (see Chapter 6) on each zone. 

To correct any deficiencies found as a result of the Occurrence Reporting system, a Design Organisation might elect to issue a Service Bulletin (SB) to end users. From a legal perspective, the SBs are not mandatory in character (unless under AD cover letter). ... 

Control of these factors is relatively simple in the design, installation, or maintenance stages. However, a single weak link can render all or a portion of the grounding system useless. Detection and correction of grounding system deficiencies increases in difficulty as corrosion, vibration, weattier conditions and other factors take their toll. This is especially true in portions of the system that are below grade or inaccessible. 

Failure Cause. The failure cause is the physical, chemical, electrical, thermal, or other design deficiency which caused the failure. The agent, physical process, or hardware deficiency causing the failure mode must be identified, ie, what caused the failure for each failure mode. There may be more than one cause. Failure Fffect. The failure effect is the local effect on the immediate component/subsystem and the global effect on system performance/operation. In commercial products, the effect on the customer, ie, the global effect, must be addressed. 

The practice of estabHshing empirical equations has provided useflil information, but also exhibits some deficiencies. Eor example, a single spray parameter, such as may not be the only parameter that characterizes the performance of a spray system. The effect of cross-correlations or interactions between variables has received scant attention. Using the approach of varying one parameter at a time to develop correlations cannot completely reveal the tme physics of compHcated spray phenomena. Hence, methods employing the statistical design of experiments must be utilized to investigate multiple factors simultaneously. 

High impact strength, increased hardness, lower thermal expansion, and high fatigue strength are also important properties required of denture-base materials. To address these deficiencies, alternatives to the traditional PMMA dentures have been sought. These include the use of other base polymers and reinforced designed denture systems. 

While most of the industrial designs in use today are built to reduce the problems due to excess nucleation, it is true that in some ciystal-lizing systems a deficiency of seed ciystals is produced and the prod-... 

The first set of case studies illustrates errors due to the inadequate design of the human-machine interface (HMI). The HMI is the boundary across which information is transmitted between the process and the plant worker. In the context of process control, the HMI may consist of analog displays such as chart records and dials, or modem video display unit (VDU) based control systems. Besides display elements, the HMI also includes controls such as buttons and switches, or devices such as trackballs in the case of computer controlled systems. The concept of the HMI can also be extended to include all means of conveying information to the worker, including the labeling of control equipment components and chemical containers. Further discussion regarding the HMI is provided in Chapter 2. This section contains examples of deficiencies in the display of process information, in various forms of labeling, and the use of inappropriate instrumentation scales. 

Nonconformity Corrective Action Once design and operational requirements have been set, and inspection and audit put into place, a system to correct deficiencies should be developed. 

Even if no deficiencies exist, it is important to realise at the design stage that if a protective coating system is to be used as part or whole means of corrosion control, there must be a downstream commitment to inspection/ maintenance/renewal of the coating system, as appropriate to the particular operating life of the coating system. 

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