Multiple Investigations

In conclusion, broad-based experimental data from multiple investigators support the motion that AR-IHC, coupled with use of stringent controls, has the potential greatly to improve the reliability of IHC staining. However, more robust control systems are needed, which have general application, and... 

The review just presented has provided an overview of the more well used techniques for catalyst mechanism investigation. As faster computer power becomes available and more precise engineering, i.e. fabrication of nanostructures, becomes more developed catalyst science will progress to the next level. The next 30 years will include coupling of multiple investigation techniques with sophisticated computational analysis to further understand the role of catalyst surfaces for many industrially relevant reaction sequences. 

The most robust of observations to date by multiple investigators is the finding that AVI-4126 is safe and effective in vascular application in a number of species. Different methods for local delivery have also been tested, but these observations fall short of proof that AVI-4126 will be effective in the treatment of human restenosis. Efficacy in animal models has also been encouraging. Furthermore, all these studies with AVI-4126 indicated that the agent is safe. 

Since clinical trials can be conducted at multiple investigative sites (quite possibly in several countries) and can last for several years, it is essential for the acquisition of optimum quality data that the progress of the trial is monitored. Monitoring is... 

These are animal assays that evaluate the ability of chemicals to produce cumulative irritation. Many such tests have been described in literature, but only a few have been studied extensively enough to mention. Even those used more often are not as well standardized as Draize-type tests, and many variables have been introduced by multiple investigators. 

In another paper, Blythe et al. [116] studied enhanced droplet nucleation when HD is used as the costabilizer. The enhancement in this case is much less. The authors conclude that, since HD is a very effective costabihzer (much more so than CA), the effect of the polymer in preserving the droplet number, if not the droplet size distribution, is not pronounced. Therefore, this effect appears to occur primarily in systems with CA (perhaps due to its polar nature, and so, its probable interfacial activity). Multiple investigators have reported effective (near 100%) droplet nucleation with HD and other costabilizers. 

The multiple investigations of the May 8-9, 2000, Tooele chemical event probably prolonged operational shutdown unnecessarily. Arguably, multiple levels of review by independent agencies increase the ability to thoroughly characterize an incident. There is a point, however, where the scale tips and accuracy and completeness give way to redundancy and inefficiency with no added benefits. 

The substantial costs in terms of resources and time required for multiple investigations of chemical events involving environmental releases, such as those that occurred in the TOCDF May 8-9, 2000, event, might contribute to a defensive mentality on the part of the operating personnel. At the same time, it is essential that local officials and local citizens have trusted representatives involved in these inves-... 

Finally, as noted in Chapter 3, effort spent on the multiple investigations of the May 8-9, 2001, Tooele chemical... 

Finding 11. A major chemical event can result in several months of lost processing time at chemical demilitarization plants. This delays the destruction of the chemical agents, requiring that they remain in the stockpiles where they could create a hazard. When incidents have led to plant shutdown, multiple investigations and responses have contributed to additional delays in restarting operations. All aspects of chemical incident investigations and resumption of operations should be accelerated, consistent with safe operations. 

What are some advantages and disadvantages of using multiple investigational centers in clinical trials ... 

Multiple investigations have been published reporting one or more tissular reactions in the vicinity of implants or prostheses. Also for these reactions, there exists no systematic study allowing a statistical or epidemiological evaluation relative to primary and/or secondary unwanted effects of metallic implants. 

Theoretical pulmonary deposition estimates for adult nose breathers are similar, and the investigators results fell inside the one standard deviation range of the probabilistic estimate determined herein (Figure 27.3). Theoretical results by multiple investigators demonstrate good agreement for... 

Prospective—designed in advance of conducting the experiment. This includes rules for interpreting the data before they have been collected and analyzed and become vulnerable to bias. Multicentered—gathered by multiple investigators from multiple... 

Despite multiple investigations on the creation of (co)polymers and POP on based on FMA for optical materials with complete internal reflection, no full quantitative description of FMA polymerisation and their copolymerisation with other vinyl monomers is available. This slows down development of research of new optically transparent polymers and copolymers with the required properties, as well as the creation of new technologies for the creation of fibre optical materials [1, 3]. 

---