System insulin

A Yamamoto, AM Luo, S Doddakashi, VHL Lee. (1989). The ocular route for systemic insulin delivery in the albino rabbit. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 249 249-255. 

Diabetes is a disease when islets of Langerhans cells in the pancreas do not produce, or poorly produce, insulin or the body does not properly use the insulin present in the system. Insulin is a hormone which mobilizes sugar and starches to get the bloodstream to get converted into energy which is needed for the daily activity of the body. The cause of diabetes is still a mystery to the research world. Although both genetics and environmental factors such as obesity, food habit, or lack of exercise appears to play an important role, still the underling mechanism remains unclear. 

Masuo K. Obesity-related hypertension Role of the sympathetic nervous system, insulin, asnd leptin. Citrr. Hypertens. Rep. 2002 4 112-118. 

The total systemic insulin glulisine availability as presented by [AUC(o-ciamp end)] was similar for the two modes of administration of insulin glulisine and NPH insulin, mixed in a syringe immediately before injection (treatment B), and the separate simultaneously injections (treatment A). 

Hanes J, Evora C, Ben-Jebria A, Edwards DA, Langer R. Porous Dry-Powder PLGA Microspheres Coated with Lung Surfactant for Systemic Insulin Delivery via the Lung. Proceed Inter Symp Control Rel Bioact Mater 1997, 24, 57-58. 

Occasional patients have antibodies to injected insulin, but the significance of the antibodies is minimal. Human insulin therapy has not totally eliminated insulin allergies, although most patients have a local reaction that will dissipate over time. If the allergic reaction does not improve or is systemic, insulin desensitization can be carried out. Protocols for desensitization are available from major insulin manufacturers. While more common in the animal insulin era, lipohypertrophy is still seen in some patients with longstanding type 1 DM. Such patients give their insulin injections in the same site to minimize discomfort. Because insulin absorption from an area of lipohypertrophy is unpredictable, avoidance of injections into these areas is mandatory. 

Hormones involved in metabolism are responsible for the regulation of fuel storage in excess of current requirements as well as their mobilization upon increased demand [10]. Blood glucose levels are maintained within narrow limits despite wide fluctuations in glucose intake for proper functioning of the body, particularly of the nervous system. Insulin is the sole regulator of anabolic reactions... 

Mattson JR, Patterson R, Roberts M (1975) Insulin therapy in patients with systemic insulin allergy. Arch Intern Med 135 818... 

The factors that trigger hormonal release are many and varied, their nature depending on the hormone in question for example, adrenaline and noradrenaline are secreted in response to stimulation of the sympathetic system. Insulin is secreted in response to an increase in the blood sugar level, while glucagon is secreted when the level falls. A dual control system also operates with respect to the regulation of the level of Ca ions in blood. When this is lowered parathormone is secreted, while calcitonin is secreted when the level is raised. These systems both appear to operate on a simple negative feedback basis, and when the level of glucose or Ca ions in the blood has been restored to normal, the hormone levels are also restored. 

Hormone Regulate body metabolism and nervous system Insulin regulates blood glucose level. Growth hormone regulates body growth. 

Results of therapeutic approach in patients with systemic insulin allergy are given by Mattson et al. (12). Desensitization was successful in 12 patients who needed insulin. In these patients insulin therapy had been stopped because of allergic reactions to insulin, often many years previously. Eight patients had elevated IgE levels at the start of therapy. With desensitization IgE levels declined rapidly. 

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