Synthetic and Natural Fibres

Softener and processing aid for synthetic and natural fibres. Used as a spin finish on acrylic fibres and as a softener on both natural and synthetic fibres. It is particularly effective on acrylics but gives a pleasing soft silky handle on nylon. It is recommended as the softener for chlorine/resin finished wool to overcome the harsher handle resulting from such processes, to aid processing and give a lofty hand. 

Imparts good softness to all synthetic and natural fibres together with excellent stretch recovery properties on knitted fabrics and hose. In addition it is a very effective stitch lubricant thus overcoming problems of needle damage. 

CONDENSOL II is recommended for synthetics and blends of synthetic and natural fibres, e.g. polyester/cotton or polyester/ wool. 

Denter, U., Schollmeyer, E., 1996. Surface modification of synthetic and natural fibres by fixation of cyclodextrin derivatives. Journal of Inclusion Phenomena and Molecular Recognition in Chemistry 25, 197—202. 

The physical properties of some important synthetic and natural fibres generally used in vegetable oil-based polymer composites are tabulated in Table 10.1. 

Table 10.1 Physical properties of some synthetic and natural fibres...

A new hybrid composite was produced by a combination of synthetic and natural fibres with the same AESO matrix, which offered the low cost of natural fibre with the high strength of synthetic fibre. The resultant properties may vary, depending on the composition of the fibre type and follow a weight fraction rule. It has been observed from SEM micrographs that hemp acrylated epoxidised soybean oil (ESO) composite shows fracture surfaces with a larger number of pull outs than the flax-based composites. 

Needle-punching has been used to produce blankets for over 50 years and was one of the earliest applications of the process. High-quality synthetic and natural fibres are still used, but the process is usually employed to produce economical products from regenerated fibres that are often used as emergency or disposable blankets (Ahmed, 2007, p. 225). In the production of needle-punched blankets, modifications to the needle-punch process have been made to improve their properties. The Fibrewoven process, developed by the Chatham Manufacturing Company in the 1950s, now... 

The recycling of PET-fibres is more difficult. They are often blended with other synthetic and natural fibres, containing additives as dyes and fire retardants. They are used for various different applications as clothes, seats or tire cord with the needs of different chain lengths and properties. Recycling of such materials has to be sophisticated and expensive. 

O. Kirret and L. Labe, Atlas of Infrared Spectra of Synthetic and Natural Fibres, Valgus, Tallinn, 1988. 

X.J. Dai, L. Kviz, Study of Atmospheric and Low Pressure Plasma Modification on the Surface Properties of Synthetic and Natural Fibres, in An Odyssey in Fibres and Space, Textile Institute 8P World Conference Melbourne, Australia (2001). 

Modem felts are produced from synthetic fibres or mktures of synthetic and natural fibres, bonded with adhesive or held together mechanically, with close control of manufacture to yield consistent density, pore size and mesh geometry, so that the cut-off performance is reasonably predictable. The structure of felts is considerably more open than papers so that whilst filtering in greater depth, specific resistance is lower and high rates of flow can be achieved with smaller element areas and low pressure drop. 

Some polymers, both synthetic and natural, can be spun into long, thin fibres. These fibres are woven into natural fabrics (such as cotton, linen, and wool) or synthetic fabrics (such as rayon, nylon, and polyester). Figure 2.11, on the next page, shows some polymer products. 

In the mid twenties several circumstances permitted a revised orientation of both content and style of areas of research at the Central Research Laboratory. In 1925 the Technical Committee (TEA) of I.G. Farben discussed the possibilities for producing artificial fibres. At this time, I.G. Farben was the second largest producer of artificial fibres in Germany. Therefore polymer chemistry became more important for the company at the same time as dyestuffs chemistry lost its former position. However, the science of synthetic, semi-synthetic and natural polymers was not yet established in the same way as structural chemistry was for organic dyestuffs, pharmaceuticals, and intermediates. Colloid chemists regarded substances such as cellulose, silk, and wool as... 

For synthetic and regenerated fibres, the fibre production (primary spinning) is mainly made by melt spinning (polyester, nylon etc.), dry spinning (elastane etc.) or wet spinning (viscose, lyocell etc.). Lenzing AG has produced carbon footprints of viscose and lyocell fibres and compared these with other fibres (Shen and Patel, 2008 Shen et al., 2010 Terinte et al., 2014 Van der Velden et al., 2014). The production of natural fibres via agriculture or forestry has been studied elsewhere (e.g. Sandin et al., 2013). 

Synthetic or natural fibres are formed into a thick waU and then impregnated with resin to fix them in position. A light porous structure which is self-supporting and relatively cheap results. The pore size of these filters is restricted by both the method of construction and structural liinitations. 

Vegetable oil-modified biocomposites are broadly defined as composites of vegetable oil-based resins and synthetic fibres or of bio-based resins and natural fibres. The conventional vegetable oil-based composites mainly consist of a vegetable oil-based polymers matrix. This has been discussed in earlier chapters and the dispersed phase or reinforcing agents, which may be synthetic or natural fibres, are discussed here. 

Epoxidised soybean oil-based natural composite exhibits strong viscoelastic solid properties similar to those of synthetic rubbers and can therefore replace them in many applications. Composite materials obtained by the vinylation of epoxidised soybean oil-based resin and natural fibre by styrene or acrylic acid, are used in the roofs, floors and walls of houses and low-rise commercial buildings. 

Woven geotextiles are produced from synthetic-fibre yarns, mainly PET or PP, and natural fibre yams, largely jute or coir, such as the Sulzer projectile loom P7150, used to produce woven fabric in widths of 190-540 cm. ... 

In many practical applications of synthetic polymers molecular orientation is produced by the fabrication process to give improved properties, especially with regard to stiffness and strength. Well known examples are textile fibres such as Terylene or nylon, polypropylene packaging films and polyester bottles. Most natural materials such as silk and cotton fibres, muscle and bone also show significant molecular orientation. All these synthetic and natural materials are anisotropic, i.e. their properties are different in different directions. 

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