Inclusion phenomena

See for example (a) Lehn JM (1988) Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 27 89 (b) Atwood JL (ed) 1990 Inclusion phenomena and molecular recognition. Plenum, New York (c) Vdgtle F (1991) Supramolecular Chemistry, Wiley, Chichester (d) Schneider HJ, Diirr H (1991) Frontiers in supramolecular chemistry and photochemistry, VCH, New York (e) Lehn JM (1995) Supramolecular chemistry, VCH, New York (f) Lehn JM (ed) (1996) Comprehensive supramolecular chemistry, Pergamon, New York (g) Lent CS (2000) Science 288 1597... 

Krupitsky, H. Stein, Z. Goldberg, I. Journal of Inclusion Phenomena and Molecular Recognition in Chemistry 1994, 20, 211-232. 

The question that emerges at the climax of this survey relates to the possibility of using crystalline inclusion phenomena for optical resolutions of molecular species. Can this be done effectively with suitably designed host compounds The definitely positive answer to this question has elegantly been demonstrated by Toda 20) as well as by other investigators (see Ch. 2 of Vol. 140). An optically active host compound will always form a chiral lattice. Therefore, when an inclusion type structure is induced, one enantiomer of the guest moiety should be included selectively within the asymmetric environment. 

The possibility to resolve the two enantiomers of 27a (or 26) by crystalline complexa-tion with optically active 26 (or 27a) is mainly due to differences in topological complementarity between the H-bonded chains of host and guest molecules. In this respect, the spatial relationships which affect optical resolution in the above described coordination-assisted clathrates are similar to those characterizing some optically resolved molecular complexes S4). This should encourage additional applications of the lattice inclusion phenomena to problems of chiral recognition. 

Weber, E. 4th International Symposium on Molecular Inclusion Phenomena, Lancaster, England (1986)... 

Fourth International Symposium on Inclusion Phenomena and Third International Symposium on Cyclodextrins , July 20-25, 1986, Lancaster (cf. Coll. Abstr.)... 

Putting aside such considerations, the reader is encouraged to examine the sections of Klug s Nobel Lecture 1W) dealing with the structure and the growth of Tobacco Mosaic Virus to see how helical structures and concepts of inclusion phenomena can relate to molecular biology. 

Journal of Inclusion Phenomena (Atwood, J. L., Davies, J. E. D., eds., Reidel, Dordrecht, Holland)... 

In principle all inclusion phenomena that occur in solution may occur also in the solid state. Thus, for example, the well-known crown-type host molecules, whose solution complexes provide a continuing area of active interest, form many stable complexes with guest molecules (220). Several of the crown-type... 

Miertus, S., Nair, A. C., Frecer, V., Chiellini, E., Chiellini, R, Solaro, R. and Tomasi, J. Modelling of 3-cyclodextrin with L-a-aminoacids residnes. J. of Inclusion Phenomena and Marcrocyclic Chemistry, 1999, 34, 69-84. 

It should be stressed that there is not alwaysjustice in reseach evaluation. The selective formation of inclusion complexes by cyclodextrins (such as 11) was established by Cramer [6] at least 15 years earlier than that by crown ethers. However, cyclodextrin studies forming an independent branch of host-guest chemistry seem underestimated in spite of their considerably greater practical importance at present than that of other host macrocycles (crown ethers 17, calixarenes 18, etc.). Sometimes they are even totally neglected by discussing inclusion phenomena [7]. 

Another well-represented category was that of self-assembled monolayers (SAMS) and other supramolecular systems. The experiments on the SAMS included studies of the surface pKa of one system (110), the kinetics and thermodynamics of the self-assembly process (111), and the characterization of the SAM surface by study of solution contact angles (112). The experiments on supramolecular systems included studies on chemical equilibria in such systems (113, 114, 115), the kinetics of inclusion phenomena (116), and the use of solvatochromic probes in studying inclusion phenomena (117). 

A Practical Integrated Approach to Supramolecular Chemistry. I. Equilibria in Inclusion Phenomena. 114... 

T. J. Ward, Chiral Separations, Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 2863 J. Hern6ndez-Benito, M. P. Garda-Santos, E. O Brien, E. Calle, and J. Casado, A Practical Integrated Approach to Supramolecular Chemistry IE. Thermodynamics of Inclusion Phenomena, J. Chem. Ed. 2004, 81, 540 B. D. Wagner, P. J. MacDonald, and M. Wagner, Visual Demonstration of Supramolecular Chemistry Fluorescence Enhancement upon Host-Guest Inclusion, J. Chem. 

N. J. Turro, in Inclusion Phenomena and Molecular Recognition, J. Atwood, Ed., Plenum Press, New York, 1990, p. 289. 

Atwood, J.L.. and J.E. Davies Inclusion Phenomena in Inorganic. Organic wul Organomeiallif Hosts. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell. MA. 2002. Atwood. J 1. J ED, Davies, and D.D. MacNicol, eds. Inclusion Compounds, Vols, 1-3. Academic Press. Inc., London. 1984 Vols 4 5, Oxford University Press. Oxford. UK. 1991. 

Walba, D. M. Clark, N. A. Razavi, H. A. Parmar, D. S. In Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Inclusion Phenomena and Molecular Recognition. Atwood, J. L. (Ed.) Plenum Publishing Corp, in press. 

Macedo-Miranda, M.G. and Olgutn, M.T. (2007) Arsenic sorption by modified clinoptilolite-heulandite rich tuffs. Journal of Inclusion Phenomena and Macrocyclic Chemistry, 59(1-2), 131-42. 

The mechanism of guest complexation by a-cyclodextrin was studied by high-pressure investigations. The first volume profiles obtained for azo dyes 1-4 (Figure 4) are presented as a new approach in understanding inclusion phenomena. 

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