Synergistic effect of acid and

Table I. Synergistic Effect of Acid and TMPTA as Additives in Grafting Styrene to Polyethylene Film Initiated by Ion is ing Radiation8 ...

In summary, zeolites have been successfully applied as catalysts or promoters in several fundamental liquid-phase organic reactions under mild reaction conditions. The functions of the zeolites in promoting the liquid-phase reactions can be characterized by (1) synergistic effects of acidic and basic sites of the zeolites on the reactants, (2) a decrease in the activation entropy of reactions owing to preadsorption of reactants in close proximity, (3) an increase in the effective surface area of the reagent owing to high dispersion... 

Table IX Synergistic Effect of Acid and TMPTA as Additives In...

Table VIII. Synergistic Effect of Acid and Polyfunctional Monomers as Additives for Enhancing UV and Ionizing Radiation Grafting of Styrene in Methanol to Polyethylene Film...

Homogeneous Chemical Catalysis of the Reduction of Carbon Dioxide. Synergistic Effect of Bronsted and Lewis Acids... 

The direct electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide requires very negative potentials, more negative than —2V vs. SCE. Redox catalysis, which implies the intermediacy of C02 (E° = —2.2 V vs. SCE), is accordingly rather inefficient.3 With aromatic anion radicals, catalysis is hampered in most cases by a two-electron carboxylation of the aromatic ring. Spectacular chemical catalysis is obtained with electrochemically generated iron(0) porphyrins, but the help of a synergistic effect of Bronsted and Lewis acids is required.4... 

On the basis of the combined weight of the above results, we believe that bifunctional electrocatalytic properties may be operative for both MOR and ORR on the AuPt bimetallic nanoparticle catalysts depending on the nature of the electrolyte. For ORR in acidic electrolyte, the approaching of both the reduction potential and the electron transfer number for the bimetallic catalyst with less than 25%Pt to those for pure Pt catalyst is indicative of a synergistic effect of Au and Pt in the catalyst. For MOR in alkaline electrol)he, the similarity of both the oxidation potential and the current density for the bimetallic catalyst with less than 25%Pt to those for pure Pt catalyst is suggestive of the operation of bifunctional mechanism. Such a bifunctional mechanism may involve the following reactions ... 

Fujita, T., Fujita, T., Morikawa, K., et al. Improvement of intestinal absorption of human calcitonin by chemical modification with fatty acids Synergistic effects of acylation and absorption enhancers. Int. J. Pharm. 134 47—57, 1996. 

Synergistic effects of Clopidogrel and aspirin in thrombus formation. Abbreviation ASA, acetylsalicylic acid. 

Yoshida, K.T., Fujiwara, T., and Naito, S., 2002, The synergistic effects of sugar and abscisic acid on m yo-inositol-1 -phosphate synthase expression. Physiol. Plant. 114 581-587. 

Bhatia KS, Singh J. Synergistic effect of iontophoresis and a series of fatty acids on LHRH permeability through porcine skin. J Pharm Sci 1998 87 462 69. 

The mechanism of action could be as follows the sandpaper abrasion and acid have a synergistic effect of physical and chemical resurfacing that improves the quality of the entire epidermis (Figure 21.1). When the post-peel cream penetrates the atrophic base of the stretch marks, it causes inflammation (controlled by the antioxidants) that stimulates fibroblast proliferation and metabolic production of the non-cellular components of the dermis (Figure 21.2). 

The influence of NO on electric contact materials seems often to be due to synergistic effects with other pollutants. Whereas exposure of e.g. copper and gold contacts in an atmosphere of NO shows no corrosion effect the synergistic effect of SO and NO2 is very pronounced (, ). A possible explanation is that NO2 oxidizes SO2 to sulfuric acid according to the following reaction ... 

Benserazide (BZ), 2-amino-3-hydroxy-A, -[(2,3,4-trihydroxyphenyl) methyl] propane hydrazide is an irreversible inhibitor of peripheral L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC). The decarboxylase inhibitor drugs, e.g., carbidopa and benserazide, inhibit dopamine production outside the brain and permit direct deliveiy of dopamine (LD metabolite) to the brain. This synergistic therapy also minimizes the side effects such as nausea and vomiting induced by levodopa.1 2 Benserazide at the recommended therapeutic dose does not cross the blood-brain barrier to any significant degree. Synergistic effect of levodopa and benserazide reduces the required dose of levodopa for the optimal and earlier therapeutic response.3... 

King, M.M. Carslon, G.M. Synergistic effect of Ca and Mg " " in promoting an activity of phosphorylase kinase that is insensitive to ethylene glycol bis(jd-aminoethyl ether)-N,N-tetraacetic acid. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 209, 517-523 (1981)... 

Larsen, B.R., 1986. Synergistic effects of acid rain and ( )-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-propanoic acid (2,4-DP) on growth, mineral content and stress-induced ethylene in lettuce. Environ. Pollut. Ser. A 41, 179-196. 

Synergistic Effect of TMPTA and Acid as Additives in UV Grafting Styrene to Polyethlene ... 

Shukla, D. and B. L. Trout. 2011. Understanding the synergistic effect of arginine and glutamic acid mixtures on protein solubility. Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 115, 11831. 

The mechanism of synergistic effects of 8O2 and NO2 is not clearly understood. It is generally thought that 8O2 inhibits the enzyme nitrate reductase from converting nitric acid to ammonia in the crop. This reduces growth and an accumulation of... 

Table 9.3. Synergistic effects of tocopherols and citric acid on the oxidative stability of carbon-treated soybean oil at 60°C ...

The use of the Pt/GDE system with UVA irradiation, i.e., the PEF process, is illustrated in Fig. 2 for the treatment of clofibric acid with 1.0 mM Fe ". The much quicker TOC abatement with > 90 % mineralization at 360 min is due to the contribution of reactions (10) and (11). The photolysis of Fe(III)-oxalate by-products that are quite refractory to the OH-mediated oxidation is the crucial, distinctive event. For some pollutants, the efficiency of the PEF process can be further enhanced by using a metal ion cocatalyst. The action of Co ", Mn ", and Ag", among others, has been surveyed, but the most interesting effect has been demonstrated for the Cu VCu" couple. In the case of indigo carmine dye shown in Fig. 2, for example, the positive synergistic effect of Fe " and Cu " that promotes the quicker mineralization is accounted for by the easier oxidation of some nitrogenated complexes of Cu(II) (e.g., with oxamate) compared with the competitively formed Fe(III) complexes, which are more slowly removed by OH and can only be photodegraded. In this system, Cu" can be... 

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