Synchrotron infrared microscopy

Fig. 1 shows the FTIR spectra recorded at a synchrotron infrared microscopy beamline, using 6 x 6-pm confocal apertures and mapping at the positions indicated in the image. 

Water carriers in the Earth s mantle, in particular in the subducting slabs has remained a significant research area. Using synchrotron infrared microscopy, two phases of hydrous magnesium silicates (named Phase D... 

J. Pijanka, A. Kohler, Y. Yang, P. Dumas, S. Chio-Srichan, M. Manfait, G. D. Sockalingum and J. Sule-Suso, Spectroscopic Signatures of Single, Isolated Cancer Cell Nuclei using Synchrotron Infrared microscopy. Analyst, 2009, 134, 1176-1181. 

Cotte, M., P. Dumas, G. Richard, R. Breniaux, and Ph. Walter (2005), New insight on ancient cosmetic preparation by synchrotron-based infrared microscopy, Anal. Chim. Acta 553, 105-110. 

Raab, T.K. and Vogel, J.P. (2004) Ecological and agricultural applications of synchrotron IR microscopy. Infrared Phys. Technol, 45, 393-402. 

Figure 3.1 is a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photograph of Novozym 435 before and after immobilization of CALB on the matrix (Lewatit). It is obvious that after immobilization, the enzyme has been adsorbed on the surface of the matrix and the surface has been saturated. This observation confirms the results of synchrotron infrared microspectroscopy performed at amide band wavelength on Novozym 435 (Figure 3.2) [5, 6], The researchers measured the intensity of the amide band across the cross-section of a Novozym 435 bead and attributed the presence of amide groups to the location of the enzyme immobilized on the bead. They showed that distribution of CALB on the bead is not homogenous and it mostly saturates the surface of the beads and hardly enters the center. The CALB enzyme is a globular protein with dimensions of 30 A x 40 A x 50 A [10], whereas...

Synchrotron Infrared spectroscopy has witnessed several important applications in Materials Science over the recent years. This chapter is aimed at highlighting the most recent studies that could inspire new studies from readers. Soft matter (in particular polymer science), catalysis and microscopic ellipsometry have achieved important steps forward in their applications recently, while well-established studies in semiconductors and high pressure studies have generated important results and findings. The field is evolving quickly towards new directions, mainly in the production of intense THz beams that are opening new research directions, in time resolved studies, in fast imaging and in near field infrared microscopy. The recent advances are reported in this chapter. 

The world has a growing number of synchrotron infrared beamlines and their use has also rapidly grown across a wide number of scientific applications. This review is far from comprehensive, but we hope it has highlighted several of the exciting recent developments in the field and the application of these sources to a wide variety of materials science. And in the near future we anticipate several advances, which will further increase the uses and capabilities of synchrotron, based infrared spectroscopies and microscopies. To find out more about how synchrotron infrared techniques may play a role in your research, we encourage you to contact one of the many friendly infrared beamline scientists at a synchrotron light source near you [2]. 

Confocal fluorescence microscopy and synchrotron-based IR (infrared) microscopy was also used to study the chemistry. 

M. J. Tobin, M. A. Chesters, J. M. Chalmers, F. J. M. Rutten, S. E. Fisher, I. M. Symonds, A. Hitchcock, R. Allibone and S. Dias-Gunase-kara. Infrared microscopy of epithelial cells in whole tissues and in tissue culture using synchrotron radiation, Faraday Discussion, Royal Society of Chemists., 2004, 126, p. 27-39. 

L. Miller, M. J. Tobin, S. Srichan, P. Dumas, About the use of synchrotron radiation in infrared microscopy for biomedical applications. In Biomedical Applications of FTIR spectroscopy, P. Harris, Editor,... 

M. J. Walsh, A. Hammiche, T. G. Fellous, J. M. Nicholson, M. Cotte, J. Susini, N. J. Fullwood, P. L. Martin-Hirsch, M. R. Alison and F. L. Martin, Synchrotron FTIR Imaging for the Identification of Cell Types within Human Tissues, in WIRMS 2009 Proceedings of the 5th Int l Workshop on Infrared Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Accelerator Based Sources , A. Predoi-Cross and B. E. Billinghurst, eds. (AIP Conf. Proc. 1214, p. 105). 

Direct analysis 7.1 XRD, XRF, infrared spectroscopy (NIR and MIR), solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), advanced spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation, neutron activation, fluorescence, and visible and electron microscopy... 

Although a number of secondary minerals have been predicted to form in weathered CCB materials, few have been positively identified by physical characterization methods. Secondary phases in CCB materials may be difficult or impossible to characterize due to their low abundance and small particle size. Conventional mineral identification methods such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis fail to identify secondary phases that are less than 1-5% by weight of the CCB or are X-ray amorphous. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), can often identify phases not seen by XRD. Additional analytical methods used to characterize trace secondary phases include infrared (IR) spectroscopy, electron microprobe (EMP) analysis, differential thermal analysis (DTA), and various synchrotron radiation techniques (e.g., micro-XRD, X-ray absorption near-eidge spectroscopy [XANES], X-ray absorption fine-structure [XAFSJ). 

It is clear that the introduction of the IR FPA detector has brought Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microscopy with a thermal source to a new and exciting stage of development. This is illustrated in the other chapters of this volume. Our purpose in this chapter is to address how IR FPA technology could be combined with the synchrotron source to advance IR spectroscopic imaging in ways that would prove quite difficult with a conventional thermal source. To address this question, we will need to understand the detailed nature of the synchrotron IR source, the optical... 

From the analysis of the data in the LIPID AT database (41), more than 150 different methods and method modifications have been used to collect data related to the lipid phase transitions. Almost 90% of the data is accounted for by less than 10 methods. Differential scaiming calorimetry strongly dominates the field with two thirds of all phase transition records. From the other experimental techniques, various fluorescent methods account for 10% of the information records. X-ray diffraction, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Raman spectroscopy, electron spin resonance (ESR), infrared (IR) spectroscopy, and polarizing microscopy each contribute to about or less than 2-3% of the phase transition data records in the database. Especially useful in gaining insight into the mechanism and kinetics of lipid phase transitions has been time-resolved synchrotron X-ray diffraction (62,78-81). 

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