Switching behaviour

Dickson R M, Cubitt A B, Tsien R Y and Moerner W E 1997 On/off blinking and switching behaviour of single molecules of green fluorescent protein Nature 388 355-8... 

The two comparatively new type of breakers, vacuum and SFg are exceptions and have gained favour in view of their reliability and durability. For details on these breakers, see Sections 19.5.5 and 19.5.6, which also deal with their switching behaviour and phenomenon of arc reignition. Figures 12.44 and 12.45 illustrate typical power and control circuit diagrams respectively, for a 6.6 kV breaker-operated motor starter. 

Bandaru PR, Daraio C, Jin S et al (2005) Novel electrical switching behaviour and logic in carbon nanotube Y-Junctions. Nat Mater 4 663-666... 

In solid state all the 10 pyroelectric crystal groups allow in principle for bistable switching behaviour. This is the proper ferroelectricity. Under certain conditions ferroelectricity (improper) can be realized in liquid crystals. This was shown by Meyer and coworkers115 in 1975. Since that time intense activities have been initiated, applying this property for flat-panel devices, switches, light modulators etc. In principle, three effects can be observed and used ... 

Figure 13. Switching behaviour of the nonlinear directional coupler with a theoretical curve.

Fig. 8.18 Typical temperature dependence of resistivity in a carbon-black composite exhibiting switching behaviour.

Solubility switching behaviour is one of the main benefits of fluorous biphasic catalysis (discussed in Chapter 7) however, other specially designed catalysts... 

Figure 27. (A) Cyclic voltammetric response of Cyt c (0.1 mM) at a (20)-pyridine-niodified electrode in (a) the neutral state (20a) and (b) the positively charged merocyanine state (20b), recorded at 50 mV s . Inset switching behaviour of the Cyt c peak current as a function of the monolayer state. (B) Cyclic voltammetric response of Cyt c (0.1 mM) with COx (1 pM) at a (20)-pyridine modified electrode in the presence of O2 in (a) in the neutral state (20a) and (b) the cationic merocyanine state (20b). Inset switching behavior of the electrode in the presence of O2. All experiments were performed in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.0.

Figure 32 Thermodynamic bases of the fluorescence switching behaviour illustrated in Figure 30. The eT process from the Ni " centre to the nearby photo-excited dansyl subunit (dns ) is characterized by a strongly negative free energy change ACj°eT = —1-93 eW, as calculated through the combination of pertinent photophysical and el ti -chemical quantities. On the other hand, the dns -to-Ni eT process is very disfavoured (AG°eT>0.68 eV).

One possible application for low complexity electronics is radio fi equency identification-tags (RFID) for example in the food or drug packaging industry. In addition, for economic reasons the low cost electronics system should be able to operate without a permanent power supply. Many organic materials not only show conducting or semi-conducting but also bistable switching behaviour. 

Table 27.1 Work function [11] and switching behaviour for metals that have been used as tip contacts for Cu/Cu(TCNQ) devices.

We fabricated devices with various metal-tip contacts and investigated the switching behaviour dependence on the metal work function. In our experiments, the top contact with the highest work function was Pt. In addition, devices with Au, Cu, Mo, W, Zn, Al, In, and Zr-tips have been measured. 

Interestingly, devices with a large-area Au contact and an additional oxide interlayer of AI2O3 and Zr02 show reverse switching behaviour as compared with the small-sized (or tip) Au contacts. If the oxide would only confine the current injection to localised paths, one would expect identical switching polarity as with an Au-tip contact. Obviously, the oxide also plays a role in modifying the effective work function of the contact. 

For the device with A1 outer contacts, the two parts of the device (one A1 contact and the centre Au contact) each showed the expected switching behaviour. Each of the device parts switched independently from the other. When Au was used for the outer electrodes and A1 for the centre contact, a different behaviour was observed applying a voltage to one of the Au outer electrodes that switched the respective device into the On-state influenced the state of the other device part. When this device was in the Off-state before, it also changed into the On-state. This behaviour was reproducible many times. 

R. M. Dickson, A.B. Cubitt, R.Y Tsien, and W. E. Moerner, On/Off Blinking and Switching Behaviour of Single Molecules of Green Fluorescent Protein, Nature 388,... 

Heintz. R.A. Zhao. H. Ouyang, X. Grandinetti. G. Cowen, J. Dunbar, K.R. New insight into the nature of Cu(TCNQ) Solution routes to two distinct polymorphs and their relationship to crystalline films that display bistable switching behaviour. Inorg. Chem. 1999. 38 (1), 144-156. 

The LC molecules orient on the alignment layer in a predefined in-plane and out-of-plane direction. The out-of-plane (polar) orientation is called the pretilt angle. The directional orientations and pretilt angles on both surfaces in combination with a chiral dopant added to the LC mixture determine the twist direction of the LC molecules in an LCD. Most commonly left-handed dope molecules that cause a left-handed twist sense are added to the LC mixture. Both the in-plane and out-of-plane directions are important to obtain the proper switching behaviour upon driving the display. 

In Fig. 9.2 the switching behaviour of a twisted nematic (TN) LCD is depicted. Figure 9.2a shows a TN LCD in the off-state. The light coming from the bottom is polarised by the first polariser and due to the bire-... 

Fig. 9.2. Switching behaviour of a twisted nematic LCD in the off-state (a) and on-state (b).

In the previous sections we have discussed the use of the photoalignment techniques, in order to improve specific optically active parts of LCDs. We have shown that for the LC layer that forms the optical valve both in-plane and out-of-plane orientation is important to attain the correct switching behaviour. This is, however, not sufficient with respect to the front-of-screen performance, like contrast, brightness and viewing angle. In order to improve these properties of LCDs, patterned alignment for use in multidomain LCDs and retardation layers was discussed for respectively large and small... 

It is interesting to note that the luminescence intensity, the quantum yield as well as the lifetime of the heterobimetallic complex of the composition [(bpy)2Ru(Imdc)Os(bpy)2] (see Fig. 7) - where Imdc stands for imidazole-4,5-dicarbo qrlate ion - were enhanced substantially in the presence of selective cations, showing cation-induced molecular switching behaviour. ... 

Y. Ikenoue, H. Tomozawa, Y. Saida, M. Kira, H. Yashima, Evaluation of electrochromic fast-switching behaviour of self-doped conducting polymer, Synthetic Metals 1991, 40, 333. 

A cyclic enzyme system, where two enzymes share a substrate in a cyclic manner, was assumed to be the control element of a feedback system to maintain the stationary concentration of the end product at a desired level against external perturbation (Okamoto Hayashi, 1984). Switching behaviour is shown by a mass action kinetic model involving interactions among the active E and inactive ( j) form of the cyclic enzyme, the inhibitor (Tj), the activator ( 2) arid the end product ( 3). The model is ... 

The attitude model mostly consisted of seven point-Likert scales ranging from strongly disagree (scale = -3) to strongly agree (scale = +3) to evaluate farmers attitude towards contracts as well as the level of trust and commitment and their switching behaviour. 

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