Identity switch

P. Wang, A. Fichera, K. Kumar, D.A. Tirell, Alternative translations of a single RNA message An identity switch of (2S,3R)-4,4,4-trifluorovaline between valine and isoleucine codons, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 43 (2004) 3664-3666. 

Amberg R, Mizutani T, Wu XQ, Gross HJ. Selenocysteine synthesis in mammalia an identity switch from tRNA(Ser) to tRNA(Sec). J. Mol. Biol. 1996 263 8-19. 

Interestingly, devices with a large-area Au contact and an additional oxide interlayer of AI2O3 and Zr02 show reverse switching behaviour as compared with the small-sized (or tip) Au contacts. If the oxide would only confine the current injection to localised paths, one would expect identical switching polarity as with an Au-tip contact. Obviously, the oxide also plays a role in modifying the effective work function of the contact. 

Since the number of chains n is kept constant and only the order parameter M, Eq. (2), can fluctuate, the first factor on the right hand side of Eq. (140) is constant and hence cancels out from the Monte Carlo averages. The transition probability for the grandcanonical moves where one goes from an old configuration (c) to a new configuration (c ) via an identity switch of a chain (A B), Fig. 16 (lower part), hence becomes,... 

Human error is suspended somewhere between the human and the engineered interfaces. The error could be neither fully human nor fully engineered. At the same time, mechanical failures (providing identical switches located next to one another) get to express themselves in human action. One insight of early human factors work was that machinistic feature and human action are intertwined in ways that resist the neat, dualist, deconstructed disentanglement still favoured by investigations today. 

Fixed (on storage) costs/valued addled Intermittent overcapapcity Product differences Brand identity Switching costs Concentration and balance Infromational complexity Corporate stakes Exit barriers... 

The successful MC study of symmetrical potymer mixtures was possible, again, only because of a combination of several types of moves in addition to local moves and SS moves, also identity switches, where A chains at fixed configuration turn into B chains or vice versa, are attempted. " These identity switches are moves that realize the semigrand-canonical ensemble of statistical mechanics, provided the chemical potential difference A/i between both species is appropriately included in the Boltzmann factor that enters the acceptance probability. Note that at the critical composition of a symmetric mixture Afi = 0, of course so Afi needs to be considered only when off-critical compositions are studied. 

Of course, experiments are done in the canonic ensemble only, and chain identity switches as indicated in Fig. 7.5(b) do not occur, but due to this equivalence between the statistical ensembles that distinction does not matter, in the thermodynamic limit. As will be discussed below, finite size effects are rather different in these various ensembles, and since one is usually able to simulate rather small boxes containing less than 10 chains only, these size effects must be considered carefully. If one is interested in dynamical properties, e.g., the study of initial stages of phase separation (Fig. 7.1), one must use the statistical ensemble that exactly corresponds to the experiment. 

A somewhat delicate question is how often one performs the identity switch (Fig. 7.5(b)) relative to the local moves (Fig. 7.5(a)) needed to equilibrate the chain configurations. For asymmetric compositions (0 < ), which occur in the one phase region in thermal equilibrium choosing A/i > 0, the mean square gyration radii gs) the two types of... 

The governing equations used in this case are identical to Equations (4.1) and (4.4) describing the creeping flow of an incompressible generalized Newtonian fluid. In the air-filled sections if the pressure exceeds a given threshold the equations should be switched to the following set describing a compressible flow... 

This lest is conducted to establish the satisfactory functioning of mechanical parts, such as switching devices and their interlocks, shutter assembly, draw-out mechanisms and interchangeability between identical draw-out modules, A brief procedure to test these features is as follows. 

How do repressor and Cro recognize the specific operator regions and achieve this subtle differential binding to the switch regions The sequences of ORl, 0R2, and OR3 in lambda are similar but not identical (Table 8.1). They are... 

This node(s) presents a different problem. Its AC voltage can be easily capac-itively coupled into any adjacent traces on different metal layers, as well as radiate EMI. Unfortunately, it is generally the trace that must also act as a heatsink for both the power switch and the rectifiers, especially in surface mount power supplies. Electrically, the trace wants to be as small as possible, but thermally, it wants to be large. There is one good compromise in the surface mount designs, and that is to make the top PCB island identical to the bottom PCB island and connect them with numerous vias (or thru-hole connections). This can be seen in Figure 3-62. 

Another common disaccharide is lactose, the sugar found in milk. Lactose is a dimer of glucose and galactose, a monosaccharide that is identical to glucose except that the positions of the H and OH groups at carbon atom 4 are switched. 

Through the same three-step sequence the analogous ris-diepoxide 10 [33] gave the related lactone 11, identical to 9 except that the two B-ring substituents have switched positions. All steps for both sequences proceeded in excellent yield. 

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