Sweeteners, nonnutritive cyclamate

Other Sweeteners. Two other sweeteners, sucralose and cyclamates, are approved for use outside of the United States. Sucralose, a chlorinated derivative of sucrose which is 500—600 times as sweet as sugar, has received limited approval in Canada, and petitions for its approval are pending in the United States and Europe (71). Cyclamate sweeteners, once available in the United States, but now baimed because they caused bladder cancer in animals, are stiU available in Canada and Europe. Table 7 gives several examples of nonnutritive sweeteners that have been developed. 

In 1969, a chronic toxicity study on a cyclamate saccharin (10 1) blend indicated bladder cancer problems in rats. Cyclamate was soon banned by the FDA, but saccharin remained an approved sweetener. In 1977, the FDA proposed a ban on saccharin because of the discovery of bladder tumors in some male rats fed with high doses of saccharin. Because no other nonnutritive sweetener was available at that time, the proposed ban faced strong opposition. 

To meet consumer demands, manufacturers are developing new nonnutritive sweeteners that more closely match the taste and mouthfeel of sucrose. There are several nonnutritive sweeteners currentiy pending FDA approval for use in soft drinks. They include sucralose [56038-13-2] aUtame [80863-62-3] encapsulated aspartame, cyclamates, and acesulfame-K [55589-62-3] also known as paUtinit. 

Cyclamate. Group name for synthetic, nonnutritive sweeteners derived from cyclohexylamine or cyclamic acid. The senes includes sodium, potassium, and calcium cydamates. Cyclamates occur as white crystals, or as white crystalline powders. They are odorless and in dilute solution are about 30 times as sweet as sucrose. The purity of commercially available compounds is approximately 98%. 

FE Ahmed, DB Thomas. Assessment of the carcinogenicity of the nonnutritive sweetener cyclamate. CRC Crit Rev Toxicol 22(2) 81-118, 1992. 

Sweeteners can be divided into two groups, nonnutritive and nutritive sweeteners. The nonnutritive sweeteners include saccharin, cyclamate, aspartame, acesulfame K, and sucralose. There are also others, mainly plant extracts, which are of limited importance. The nutritive sweeteners are sucrose glucose fructose invert sugar and a variety of polyols including sorbitol, mannitol, malt-itol, lactitol, xylitol, and hydrogenated glucose syrups. 

The chemical structure of the most important nonnutritive sweeteners is shown in Figure 11-4. Saccharin is available as the sodium or calcium salt of orthobenzosulfimide. The cyclamates are the sodium or calcium salts of cyclohexane sulfamic acid or the acid itself. Cyclamate is 30 to 40 times sweeter than sucrose, and about 300 times sweeter than saccharin. Organoleptic comparison of sweetness indicates that the medium in which the sweetener is tasted may affect the results. There is also a concentration effect. At higher concentrations, the sweetness intensity of the synthetic sweeteners increases at a lower rate than that which occurs with sugars. This has been ascribed to the bitter-... 

The nonnutritive sweeteners acesulfame-K, aspartame, cyclamate, saccharin, and sucralose were tested for DNA damaging activity in the rat hepatocyte/ DNA repair assay using hepatocytes from rats. The results found no evidence of genotoxic potential. 

Sodium cyclamate became a widely used nonnutritive sweetener in the 1950s, but was harmed in the United States some 20 years later in response to two studies that appeared to show that large amounts of sodium cyclamate cause liver cancer in mice. 

Sweeteners are natural or synthetic compounds which imprint a sweet sensation and possess no or negligible nutritional value ( nonnutritive sweeteners ) in relation to the extent of sweetness. There is considerable interest in new sweeteners. The rise in obesity in industrialized countries has established a trend for calorie-reduced nutrition. Also, there is an increased discussion about the safety of saccharin and cyclamate, the two sweeteners which were predominant for a long time. The search for new sweeteners is complicated by the fact that the relationship between chemical structure and sweetness perception is not yet satisfactorily resolved. In addition, the safety of suitable compounds has to be certain. Some other criteria must also be met, for example, the compound must be adequately soluble and stable over a wide pH and temperature range, have a clean sweet taste without side or post-flavor effects, and provide a sweetening effect as cost-effectively as does sucrose. At present, some new sweeteners are on the market (e. g., acesulfame and aspartame). The application of a number of other compounds will be discussed here. 

A nonnutritive, noncaloric synthetic sweetener which is 300 to 500 times sweeter than table sugar. It was on the first GRAS (generally recognized as safe) list published in 1959. However, in 1972, following the ban on cyclamates, saccharin was removed from the GRAS list and given a provisional food additive status. 

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