Sweet bark

Common/vernacular names Cascarilla, sweet bark, and sweetwood bark. 

Clove bud oil is frequendy used iu perfumery for its natural sweet-spicy note but the greatest appHcation is iu the davor area iu a large variety of food products, including spice blends, seasoniugs, piddes, canned meats, baked goods, ready-made mixes, etc. As iu the case of cinnamon bark oil, its well-known antiseptic properties make it ideal for appHcation iu mouth washes, gargles, dentifrices, and pharmaceutical and dental preparations. Candy, particulady chewing gum, is also davored with clove bud oil iu combination with other essential oils. 

Early Synthesis. Reported by Kolbe in 1859, the synthetic route for preparing the acid was by treating phenol with carbon dioxide in the presence of metallic sodium (6). During this early period, the only practical route for large quantities of sahcyhc acid was the saponification of methyl sahcylate obtained from the leaves of wintergreen or the bark of sweet bitch. The first suitable commercial synthetic process was introduced by Kolbe 15 years later in 1874 and is the route most commonly used in the 1990s. In this process, dry sodium phenate reacts with carbon dioxide under pressure at elevated (180—200°C) temperature (7). There were limitations, however not only was the reaction reversible, but the best possible yield of sahcyhc acid was 50%. An improvement by Schmitt was the control of temperature, and the separation of the reaction into two parts. At lower (120—140°C) temperatures and under pressures of 500—700 kPa (5—7 atm), the absorption of carbon dioxide forms the intermediate phenyl carbonate almost quantitatively (8,9). The sodium phenyl carbonate rearranges predominately to the ortho-isomer. sodium sahcylate (eq. 8). 

Methyl salicylate is produced synthetically for commercial purposes by the esterification of salicylic acid with methanol or by extraction by steam distillation of wintergreen leaves or sweet birch bark. The source, natural or synthetic, is declared on the label. The methyl salicylate NF must assay not less than 98.0% and not more than 100.5% and be processed by Good Manufacturing Practice described in USP (20). 

Phenyl-2-propen-l-ol [104-54-1], commonly referred to as cinnamyl alcohol, is a colorless crystalline soHd with a sweet balsamic odor that is reminiscent of hyacinth. Its occurrence in nature is widespread as, for example, in Hyacinth absolute (Hyacinthus orientalis) (42), the leaf and bark oils of cinnamon Cinnamomum cassia, Cinnamomum lancium, etc), and Guava fmit [Psidiumguajava L.) (43). In many cases it is also encountered as the ester or in a bound form as the glucoside. 

Birken-holz, n. birch wood, -holzteer, m. birch-(wood) tar. -holzteerseifc, /, birch tar soap, -kampher, m, birch camphor, betulin. -kohle, /, birch charcoal, -rinde, /, birch bark. -liftdaiUil, -61, n. oil of betula, cdl of sweet bircb. -teer, m. tdrch tar. -teerdt, n. birch tar oil. 

Rue Sweet clover Turmeric Vitamin E Willow bark ... 

The flavor of elder bark is sweet at first and then becomes nauseatingly bitter. As a medicine, elder bark primarily affects the liver, kidneys, stomach and... 

Separation of terpinen-4-ol enantiomers performed by a chiral GC columnand a chiral lanthanide shift reagent Eu(hfc)3, showed that the enantiomeric composition of an isolated compound from sweet marjoram oil was 73% (5)(- -) 27% R) —). The (4f )(—)-enantiomer was found in the oil of Eucalyptus dives Terpinen-4-ol was also found in several bark beetle species and is the main component in the aggregation pheromone of Polygraphuspoligraphus ... 

Cassia oil (Chinese ciimamon oil) is obtained by steam distillation of the leaves, twigs, and bark of Cinnamomum aromaticum Nees (C. cassia Bl., Lauraceae). It is a reddish-brown liquid with a sweet-spicy, cinnamon-like odor. 

Coumarin is a natural product found at high levels in some essential oils, particularly ciimamon leaf oil (40 600 ppm (mg/kg)), ciimamon bark oil (7000 ppm), other types of cinnamon (900 ppm), cassia leaf oil (17 000-87 300 ppm), peppermint oil (20 ppm), lavender oil, woodruff and sweet clover as well as in green tea (0.2-1.7 ppm), fruits such as bilberry and cloudberry and other foods such as chicory root (Boisde Meuly, 1993 TNO, 1996 Lake, 1999). It is also found in Mexican vanilla extracts (Sullivan, 1981 Maries etal, 1987). 

Wisteria sinensis (Sims) Sweet Zi Teng (Chinese wisteria) (seed, bark) Toxic glycosides, toxic resin.60 This herb is toxic. Diuretic. 

Dye woods and barks are sold in lumps or ground or powdered, or as dyeing extracts. The latter are aqueous decoctions of the materials and are met with either as more or less dense liquids or in the dry state as cakes, irregular or, rarely, crystalline fragments, or powder. They are usually brown or yellowish and they have a sweet taste, almost or quite free from astringency they bum with emission of the odour of burning vegetable matter and leave little ash they are more or less completely soluble in water and sometimes also in alcohol. 

Honeydew honey is produced not from floral nectar but from the sweet liquid excreted by plant-lice (Aphididae), jumping plant-lice (Psyllidae), and bark-lice or scale-insects 0Coccidae). These insects feed on plant juices and their excretions fall on the foliage of trees like dew, hence the term honeydew. ... 

Salicinum, Salicin, C13H1807, is a glucoside obtained from several species of Salix, the willow, and populus, the poplar, trees of the nat. ord. Salicaceae. It is found also in Gaultheria procum-bens, the wintergreen, nat. ord. Ericaceae and in Betula lenta, the sweet birch, nat. ord. Betulaceae the volatile oils of which, distilled from the leaves of the former and from the bark of the latter, consist almost entirely of methyl salicylate. 

Oleum Betulae, Oil of Betula (Oil of Sweet Birch), is a volatile oil distilled from the bark of Betula lenta, the sweet birch. It is identical with methyl salicylate and nearly identical with Oil of Gaultheria. 

Features A tree-like shrub, ten to twenty feet high. Fruit shiny black, sweet and edible. Young bark glossy purplish-brown, with scattered warts. Old bark greyish-brown, inner surface white. Fracture short. Root bark cinnamon colour. Taste bitter, astringent. 

What exactly was manna Its sweetness, and the fact that it was available in an arid land, suggests it was rich in trehalose. This being so, then there are several possible sources. It may have been the cocoon of a parasitic beetle, called trehala mana, which contains around 25% trehalose. A possible contender is the solidified juice of the flowering ash, also known as the manna ash (Fraxinus omus) which oozes from its bark and solidifies. This too is collected and sold commercially. Another suggestion is that manna is the lichen Lecano-ra which curls up into balls when there is a drought. These can be blown by the wind and are sometimes collected and used to make... 

Baruah, A., Nath, S.C., Hazarika, A.K. and Sarma, T.C. (1997) Essential oils of leaf, stem bark and panicle of Cinnamomum bejolghota (Buch-Ham) Sweet. Journal of Essential Oil Research 9, 293-295. 

Choudhury, S., Ahamed, R., Barthel, A. and Leclercq, P.A. (1 998) Composition of the bark and flower oils of Cinnamomum bejolghota (Buch.-Ham.) sweet from two locations of Assam, India. Journal of Essential Oil Research 1 0, 245-250. 

M. G. J. Beets, The Sweet and Bitter Modalities Carbohydrtates, Analogues and Derivatives. In Structure-Activity Relationships in Human Chemoreception Applied Science Publishers Barking, UK, 1978 pp 259-303. 

Although an impressive number of alkaloids have been isolated from plant sources, only a few contain simple pyrrole rings. These include a series of tropane alkaloids from the bark of Erythroxylum vacciniifoUum, for example, 82, that share as common structural features a methylpyrrole moiety <2005JNP1153> methyl-(5-formyl-l//-pyrrole-2-yl) -hydroxybutyrate 83 from sweet chestnut seeds <2002MI22> and solsodomine A 84 and B 85 from the fresh berries of Solanum sodomaeum L. <1998JNP848>. The latter are the first pyrrole alkaloids from the genus Solanum. 

Other tamarind t bioavailability of aspirin. Meadow sweet and willow bark contain salicylates leading to t effects of aspirin. Feverfew is considered to inhibit the release of serotonin from platelets... 

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