Swallowtail

Anise swallowtail butterfly (Papilio zelicans) with its pupal ease. Metamorphosis of butterflies is a dramatie example of metabolie ehange. ( Q 1986 Peter Bryant/Bioto cat Photo Service)... 

Scbwalben-nest, n. swallow s nest (of slag) honeycomb. -scbwanz, m. swallowtail dovetail, -wurz, -wurzel, /. swallowwort (Pharm.) vincetoxicum. 

CYP6D1 of the housefly (Musca domestica) has been found to hydroxylate cyper-methrin and thereby provide a resistance mechanism to this compound and other pyrethroids in this species (Scott et al. 1998 see also Chapter 12). Also, this insect P450 can metabolize plant toxins such as the linear furanocoumarins xanthotoxin and bergapten (Ma et al. 1994). This metabolic capability has been found in the lepi-dopteran Papilio polyxenes (black swallowtail), a species that feeds almost exclusively on plants containing furanocoumarins. 

Ma, R., Cohen, M.B., and Berenbaum, M.R. et al. (1994). Black swallowtail alleles encode cytochrome P450s that selectively metabolise linear furanocoumarins. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 310, 332-340. 

Koch, P.B. et al., Insect pigmentation activities of beta-alanyldopamine synthase in wing color patterns of wild-type and melanic mutant swallowtail butterfly, Papilio glaucus, Pigment Cell Res., 13, Suppl 8, 54, 2000. 

Harashima, K., Ohno, T., Sawachika, T., Hidaka, T., and Ohnishi, E. 1972. Carotenoids in orange pupae of the swallowtail, Papilio xuthus. Insect Biochem., 2 29-48. 

Hidaka, T., Kimura, T., and Onosaka, M. 1959. Experiments on the protective coloration of pupae of the swallowtail, Papilio xuthus L. Doubutsugaku zasshi, 68(6) 222-226. 

Ohnishi, E. 1959. Pigment composition in the pupal cuticles of two colour types of the swallowtails, Papilio xuthus L. and P. pmtenor demetrius Cramer. J. Insect Physiol., 3 132-145. 

Queen, Eastern Black Swallowtail, and Atala Butterflies.530... 

FIGURE 25.1 (See color insert following page 336.) Larval butterflies have distinctive coloration patterns (a) Monarch (Danaus plexippus yellow, white, and black), (b) Swallowtail (Papilio polyxenes asterius yellow, black, and green), (c) Queen (Danaus gillipus black, white, and yellow, some red coloration is also observable in this specimen), and (d) Atala (Eurnaceus atala florida red with yellow spots). 

Butterfly larvae (Monarch, Danaus plexippus Queen, Danaus gillipus Eastern Black Swallowtail, Papilio polyxenes asterius and Atala, Eurnaceus atala florida) were collected in South Florida approximately seven to eight days after hatching. The larvae were carefully dissected to remove the gut to prevent the contamination of the epidermis with the intestinal contents. The epidermis was... 

Harashima K., Nakahara J.-I., and Kato G. (1976). Papilioerthrinone A new ketocarotenoid in integuments of orange pupae of a swallowtail, Papilio xuthus, and carapaces of a crab, Paralithodes brevipes (Hanasakigani in Japanese). AgrBiol Chem 40 711-717. 

Yamanaka A., Imai H., Adachi M., Komatsu M., and Islam A. T. M. F. (2004). Hormonal control of orange coloration of diapause pupae in the swallowtail butterfly, Papilio xuthus L. (Lepidoptera Papilionidae). Zool Sci 21 1049-1055. 

Compounds 42 and 43 are based on the PBI acceptor, made soluble by a C19 swallowtail attached to one imide nitrogen The donor is attached through the other imide nitrogen. In 42, the moderate donor pyrene is separated from the PBI by a Ci ct bridge that holds the donor and acceptor close to perpendicular, with limited motion possible. Nonetheless, 42 has a persistent, small RR (Fig. 18g) [106]. In 43, the good donor ferrocene is separated from the PBI by a more flexible C2 a bridge. It has an IVT band that peaks at 595 nm and forms a rectifier with a persistent RR between 25 and 35 (Fig. 18h) [106]. 

Shumate WJ, Mattem DL, Jaiswal A, Burgess J, Dixon DA, White TR, Honciuc A, Metzger RM (2006) Spectroscopic and rectification studies of three donor-sigma-acceptor compounds, consisting of a one-electron donor (pyrene or ferrocene), a one-electron acceptor (perylenebisimide), and a C19 swallowtail. J Phys Chem B110 11146-11159... 

Figure 7. At / = 0.75, pressure as a function of/./ = / e / > and for the normal and color superconducting quark phases. The dark solid lines represent two locally neutral phases (i) the neutral normal quark phase on the left, and (ii) the neutral gapless 2SC phase on the right. The appearance of the swallowtail structure is related to the first order type of the phase transition in quark matter.

It is interesting to notice that the three pressure surfaces in Figure 7 form a characteristic swallowtail structure. As one could see, the appearance of this structure is directly related to the fact that the phase transition between color superconducting and normal quark matter, which is driven by changing parameter //,. is of first order. In fact, one should expect the appearance of a similar swallowtail structure also in a self-consistent description of the hadron-quark phase transition. Such a description, however, is not available yet. 

Tree sparrow Passer Swallowtail butterfly Aristolochic acids (from Aristolochia Nishida and... 

Nishida, R. and Fukami, H. (1989). Ecological adaptation of an Aristolochiaceae-feeding swallowtail butterfly, Atrophaneura alcinous, to aristolochic acids. Journal of Chemical Ecology 15,2549-2564. 

Figure 1. The geographic distribution and favorite foodplant families of the tiger swallowtails of North America.

Eastern Tiger swallowtail subspecies Survival caterplll percentage of newly hatched ars on potential foodplants ... 

Metabolic Detoxification of Linear and Angular Furanocoumarins by Caterpillars of the Black Swallowtail Butterfly... 

Most insect herbivores appear to be rather effectively repelled by furanocoumarin-containing plants (21-24). A notable exception to this generalization occurs among some butterflies of the family Paplllonldae, whose caterpillars are adapted to feed successfully and in fact preferentially on plants that contain linear, but not angular, furanocoumarlns (22). These circumstances prompted us to undertake studies with the black swallowtail butterfly (Papilio polyxenes) and radiolabeled furanocoumarlns in attempts to elucidate the nature of the Insect/furanocoumarln Interactions Involved. 

Our initial studies (25,26) determined the comparative fate of a radiocarbon-labeled preparation of the commonly occurring linear furanocoumarln, xanthotoxln (8-methoxypsoralen) in black swallowtail caterpillars and in fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith) larvae. Black swallowtail caterpillars are known not to be adversely affected by linear furanocoumarlns (22), while Spodoptera spp. avoid such plants as food sources... 

Figure 2. Major metabolites of xanthotoxin (8-methoxypsoralen) in last-stage larvae of the black swallowtail butterfly (Papilio polyxenes) and the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda).

Berenbaum, M. R. and Feeny, P. P. 1981. Toxicify of angular furanocoumarins to swallowtail butterflies escalation in a coevolutionary arms race Science, 212 927-929. 

The swallowtail butterfly Pachlioptera aristolochiae, feeding on the leaves of... 

Aristolochic acid I (143), isolated from whole bodies of swallowtail butterflies of the genus Pachlioptera, is the already known substance and was identified by the mass spectrum (75). One of the two acidic components obtained from ap-osematic butterflies of the genus Zerynthia has been identified as aristolochic acid C (145) by direct comparison with an authentic sample. The other, first isolated from this butterfly, has been identified as aristolochic acid la (144) by mass spectral analysis and its derivation to aristolochic acid I methyl ester (146) (74). 

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