Sustainable composites

Here we outline just a few examples of sustainable composites ... 

Sustainable standard and high-performance reinforcements, sustainable and biodegradable components for matrices, sustainable composites. 

Hughes M (2002) Sustainable composites-fact or fiction, oral presentation, composites processing composites processing association. Holiday Inn, Birmingham airport, 24 Jan 2002... 

L.Y. Mwaikambo, Plant-Based Resources for Sustainable Composites. University of Bath, UK, PhD thesis (2002). 

Feinberg, M. (1981). Reaction network structure, multiple steady states, and sustained composition oscillations A review of some results. In Modelling of chemical reaction systems, eds K. H. Ebert, P. Deuflhard W. Jaeger, (Springer Series in Chemical Physics, Vol. 18), pp. 56-68. Springer Verlag, Berlin. 

Muller L, Wellnitz J (2011) Research and development of a new and sustainable composite natural stone laminate . In Hung S et al (eds) Proceedings of the third international conference (ICSAT) on sustainable automotive technologies 2011. Springer, Berhn, pp 121-127... 

Batteries based on Mg are attractive due to their sustainable composition, low cost, and the electrochemical reactivity. Compared to... 

Similar to the Mg-air batteries, Fe-air batteries are attractive due to their sustainable composition and low cost of the active material. In... 

N.D. Yilmaz, and K. Yilmaz, Use of natural polysaccharides in pharmaceutical biocomposites, in 1st International Conference on Sustainable Composite Technologies, Atlsparta, Turkey, Volume Book of Abstracts, pp. 32-33, 2014. 

A fully biodegradable composite consisting of both biodegradable fibers and soy-based resin was developed in 1999 [22]. Luo and Netravali called fully biodegradable and sustainable composites made from natural fibers and biodegradable resins, truly green composites. In recent years, green composites have been fabricated... 

Calcium Hypochlorite. High assay calcium hypochlorite [7778-54-3] was first commercialized in the United States in 1928 by Mathieson Alkali Works, Inc. (now Olin Corp.) under the trade name HTH. It is now produced by two additional manufacturers in North America (Table 5). Historically, it usually contained about 1% water and 70—74% av CI2, so-called anhydrous product, but in 1970, a hydrated product was introduced (234). It is similar in composition to anhydrous Ca(OCl)2 except for its higher water content of about 6—12% and a slightly lower available chlorine content. This product has improved resistance to accidental initiation of self-sustained decomposition by a Ht match, a Ht cigarette, or a small amount of organic contamination. U.S. production in the 1990s consists primarily of partially hydrated Ca(OCl)2, which is sold as a 65% av CI2 product mainly for swimming pool use. Calcium hypochlorite is also sold as a 50% av CI2 product as a sanitizer used by dairy and food industries and in the home, and as a 32% product for mildew control. 

These values are determined by experiment. It is, however, by no means a trivial task to measure the lamina compressive and shear strengths (52,53). Also the failure of the first ply of a laminate does not necessarily coincide with the maximum load that the laminate can sustain. In many practical composite laminates first-ply failure may be accompanied by a very small reduction in the laminate stiffness. Local ply-level failures can reduce the stress-raising effects of notches and enhance fatigue performance (54). 

Terminal Stream Compositions and Quantities These are basically linked to an arbitrary given the produc tion capacity of the leaching plant (rate of extrac t production or rate of raw-material purification by extrac tion). When options are permitted, the degree of solute remov and the concentration of the extrac t stream chosen are those that maximize process economy while sustaining conformance to regulatory standards. 

The type of damage an advanced composite sustains plays an important role in the type of repair that can be implemented. Damage to advanced composites can be... 

This is because, with brittle fibres, failure of the composite will occur when the fibres reach their fracture strain. At this point the matrix is subjected to the full applied load, which it is unable to sustain. 

A fuel-air mixture is detonable only if its composition is between the detonabil-ity limits. The detonation limits for fuel-air mixtures are substantially narrower than their range of flammability (Benedick et al. 1970). However, the question of whether a nonhomogeneous mixture can sustain a detonation wave is more relevant to the vapor cloud detonation problem because, as described in Section 3.1, the composition of a vapor cloud dispersing in the atmosphere is, in general, far from homogeneous. 

The high resistivity of Inconel 600 (11 OjtI 0 8 Dm) demanded the application of this material as a composite with a central aluminum core. The aluminum was totally enclosed in Inconel 600 so that the Inconel was only exposed to sulfur and polysulfides. In a test over more than three years, cells with a composite current collector of this kind suffered from a high capacity decline. Post-test analysis showed that Inconel sustained polysulfide attack with the formation of a duplex nickel and chromium sulfide layer on the current collector surface. 

Effects of Cold Gas Recycle and Approach to Equilibrium. Product gases resulting from various CGR ratios were analyzed (Table XI). For the experiments tabulated, a decrease in the cold recycle ratio resulted consistently in increases in the product gas concentrations of water vapor, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide and a decrease in methane concentration. These trends may be noted in experiment HGR-12 as the CGR ratio decreased from 8.7 1 to 1.2 1, in experiment HGR-13 as it increased from 1.0 1 to 9.1 1, and in experiment HGR-14 as it decreased from 3.0 1 to 1.0 1. These trends indicate that the water-gas shift reaction (CO + H20 —> C02 + H2) was sustained to some degree. Except for the 462-hr period in experiment HGR-14, the apparent mass action constants for the water-gas shift reaction (based on the product gas compositions in Table XI) remained fairly constant at 0.57-1.6. These values are much lower than the value of 11.7 for equilibrium conversion at 400°C. In... 

The basic approach taken in the analytical studies of composite-propellant combustion represents a modification of the studies of double-base propellants. For composite propellants, it has been assumed that the solid fuel and solid oxidizer decompose at the solid surface to yield gaseous fuel and oxidizing species. These gaseous species then intermix and react in the gas phase to yield the final products of combustion and to establish the flame temperature. Part of the gas-phase heat release is then transferred back to the solid phase to sustain the decomposition processes. The temperature profile is assumed to be similar to the situation associated with double-base combustion, and, in this sense, combustion is identical in the two different types of propellants. 

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