Suspended particulate matter effects

The three major characteristics of particulate pollutants in the ambient atmosphere are total mass concentration, size distribution, and chemical composition. In the United States, the PM q concentration, particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter <10 /nm, is the quantity measured for an air quality standard to protect human health from effects caused by inhalation of suspended particulate matter. As shown in Chapter 7, the size distribution of particulate pollutants is very important in understanding... 

Takafuji, S., et al., Enhancing effect of suspended particulate matter on the IgE antibody production in mice, Int. Arch. Allergy. Appl. Immunol. 90, 1,1, 1989. 

Specific research subjects have emerged with respect to improved descriptions of specific phenomena. Some time ago, it was speculated that gas-solid interactions and turbulence effects on reaction kinetics would be important areas of advance in the modeling art. Gas-solid interactions include both chemical formation of aerosols and reactions on surfaces of pre-existing suspended particulate matter. Because of differing effects of a material in the gas phase and in some condensed phase, it will be important to characterize transformation processes. The achex (Aerosol Characterization hYperiment) program recently carried out under the direction of Hidy will provide an extensive data base with which to test new ways of treating the gas-solid interaction problem. 

Lead,J.R., Elamilton-Taylor, J. and Davison, W. (1998) The effect of sequential extractions of suspended particulate matter on trace metal sorption and microbial cell stability. Sci. Total Environ., 209, 193. 

Figure 14.5 Particle concentration effect showing negative relationship between particle/solution partition coefficient (X,j) of selected trace metal ions and suspended particulate matter (SPM). Data are from six Texas estuaries (USA). (Modified from Benoit et al., 1994.)...

The sample does not come into physical contact with the membrane, thus minimising potential matrix effects and increasing the range of possible applications. Complex matrices such as Kraft liquor [272], industrial effluents with high concentrations of surfactants, organic compounds, emulsions and/or suspended particulate matter [273] and fermentation media [274] can be analysed using this approach. 

The diffusive flux of Hg from the deeper, anoxic layers is insufficient to explain the enrichment of the sediment surface layer. Gobeil and Cossa (1993) estimated that this flux amounts to no more than 2.5% of the mercury transported to the sediment on settling particles. An analysis of suspended particulate matter in the fjord confirmed this, showing Hg concentrations in suspended particulate matter (SPM) similar to those in the surface sediment (Gagnon etal., 1996b). These studies effectively eliminate diagenesis as the reason for Hg enrichment in the surface sediments. 

It should be noted that these effects on the lung are not unique to manganese-containing dusts but are produced by a variety of inhalable particulate matter (EPA 1982). On this basis, it seems most appropriate to evaluate the risk of inflammatory effects on the lung in terms of total suspended particulate matter (TSP) or particulate matter smaller than 10 pm in diameter (PM ), as well as the concentration of manganese in the air (EPA 1985d). 

The increased mortality, morbidity and deficits in pulmonary function associated with sulfur dioxide and suspended particulate matter (SPM) are widely documented. Sulfur dioxide alone can cause severe effects in the form of bronchoconstriction, chemical bronchitis and tracheitis [4]. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, the 2 main offenders, emanate from heavy industries especially coal-based. Electrical generating plants, industrial boilers, large smelters and motor vehicles release oxides of nitrogen and sulfur into the atmosphere. Fortunately, the sulfur content of Indian coal is low (0.3-0.5%), and therefore, the resulting sulfur dioxide produced is of concern only in the vicinity of low chimneys [5]. 

Tn the scientific and engineering community, concern for protection of aquatic environments from chemical pollution is shared by individuals from diverse disciplines. An area of overlapping interests is the study of particulates in water, their characterization, their interaction with the solution phase, and their control. Because many chemical and microbiological water contaminants are associated with colloidal or suspended particulate matter, a symposium on this subject seemed timely to provide a forum for various specialists to exchange ideas, methods, and models used to investigate the fate and effects of particulates and their associated materials in various aqueous environments. 

Air legislation is targeting emissions from industrial operations, greenhouse gases, lead, motor vehicle emissions, nitrogen oxides, ODS, sulfur dioxide, and suspended particulate matter. Water legislation in the EU is divided into effect- and source-oriented direc-... 

Our eoneems with the induction and exaceibation of respiratoiy diseases encompass bronchitis, emphysema, asthma, and other nonoecupational diseases. (Pneumoconiosis and silicosis are eonsidered diseases due to occupational exposure, rather than to inhalation of ambient air.) The pollutants principally indicted are ozone, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, suspended particulate matter, and mixtures of these pollutants. Concern over the effects of suspended partieulate matter on human health is particularly focused on what are called respirable or inhalable partieles, usually detined as particles less than 10 mn in size. Lead dust is the exeeption to the mle that particles must be inhaled to be hazardous to health. Lead... 

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