Survivability criteria

According to the RPA data, the earliest lead in Table 3, Model 4012, would never have met the 95% survival criteria for the manufacturer to take field action. But using the Chronic Lead Study (CLS) statistics, this lead was placed under advisory in 1991. According to the RPA data, the next generation lead. Model... 

Step 7. Determine geotextile survival criteria. The design is based on the assumption that the geotextile cannot function unless it survives the construction process. As previously indicated, for geotextiles the AASHTO M288 standard categorizes requirements for the geotextiles based on the survival class provided in Table 14.1. 

M. Eigen describes this process roughly as follows let us consider a self-replicating system which is characterized by a quantity of information equal to N bits. The probability that a bit is incorrectly copied is w, and the selection reacts to errors by means of a selection factor S. In other words an error-free system has a selection advantage S over a system with an error. The survival criterion is then ... 

All have some ability at execution - this is a survival criterion... 

As with the puncmre requirement just described, the resistance of a geotextile to impact is as much a survivability criterion as it is a separation function. Yet in many instances of separation the geotextile must resist the impact of various objects. The most obvious one is that of a heavy object falling on it, but there are also simations in which construction equipment and materials can cause or contribute to impact damage on geotextiles. Once an impact causes a hole, the tendency of the geotextile is to tear in its weakest direction. 

The numerical evaluation of definite integrals can be carried out in several ways. However, in all cases it must be assumed that the function, as represented by a table of numerical values, or perhaps a known function, is well behaved. While this criterion is not specific, it suggests that the functions haying pathological problems, e.g. singularities, discontinuities,..may not survive under the treatment in question. 

A breach in stability of a system may result from internal causes (the aging of its elements) or external causes associated with the unfavorable influence of the environment (an ill-intentioned enemy, in particular). The survivability of biological systems is determined by environmental conditions where human interference with nature is an important factor. In connection with this and the prospects of constructing artificial biological systems, optimization problems also arise an increase of productivity of a biological system being the main criterion of optimality. 

Let us now look at several results of this investigation. In the nuclear war scenario, for example, the SSMAE shows that Arctic environmental stability would be disturbed 3 months after the impact. From other scenarios, it follows that variations in the velocity of vertical advection from 0.004cm/s to 0.05 cm/s does not affect the Arctic environmental state. An error of 32% in ice area estimate leads to a variation in simulation results of 36%. When this error is more than 32%, simulation results become less stable and can vary by several times. The problem exists of finding the proper criterion to estimate SSMAE sensitivity to variations in model parameters. As Krapivin (1996) showed, a survivability function J(t) reflecting the dynamics of the total biomass of living elements would enable this sensitivity to be estimated. In this instance... 

Nature has required the evolution of usefully selective hosts, and proteins (in the forms of enzymes, receptors, and antibodies) provide them. However, no individual protein molecule lasts in a cell for very long. All proteins are constantly anabolized and catabolized, with constant concentrations achieved via homeostasis. Nature never demanded permanence of its molecular recognition machinery. When we utilize biotic receptors for one-time, batch analytical applications, the receptors clearly meet the useful criterion. However, if a receptor must have an extended lifetime in a sensing device, then we propose that biotic receptors represent the easiest place in which to search instead of the right place to search. If a biotic receptor cannot reasonably be made stable enough to survive weeks of service, then it will not be useful for a sensing application no matter how avid or selective. 

I was patient but, what was more important. Dr. Woolley was patient and the university system was patient. If I had been an independent Assistant Professor, the head of my own lab, I couldn t have survived. No way that I could have gone three years without a publication. For me, the Rockefeller system was a good one. You had to have the right head of lab, of course, but Dr. Woolley believed that it was a good idea, and he let me go ahead. Then, when I got through, and it did work, and I wrote the paper, he said, my criterion of whether I m a co-author is whether I would ve done the work anyway, without you, and he said, I wouldn t have in this case, so you can publish it by yourself. That made an enormous difference in my career. He was so well-lcnown that people would have considered him to be senior author, and even if I would have been first author they... 

Emulsion life expectancy for a formulation may be conservatively scaled up from 2-in. pipe-loop tests at the same velocity by demonstrating that the emulsion will survive transport for the desired actual distance in the pilot plant. Pilot-plant transport is a more severe test of emulsion life than transport in larger lines. The conservative nature of this scale-up criterion tends to dictate specification of some excess surfactant for a large-scale application beyond the minimum quantity required. 

A critical criterion of selection is that the probiotic strain must be tolerated by the immune system and should not provoke the formation of antibodies against the probiotic. This latter property, in conjunction with the ability of some LAB to survive and colonize in the gut, has given rise to further applications, which involve their use as live vectors for oral immunization, i.e., introducing antigens targeting the GALT and aiming to induce a mucosal immune response (Marteau and Rambaud, 1993). 

Natural selection. It selects the individuals destined to survive or to take part in mating. It implies the calculation of the fitness for all the members of a given population and a selection procedure, somehow analogous to the SA acceptance criterion, capable of tagging the members with highest probability of survival (thus containing some random element). 

These definitions have survived the test of time because of their practical utility. Water solubility is an effective criterion because of its dependence on important chemical characteristics, such as acidic functional group content, molecular weight, aromaticity, and so on. Other terms that may not be familiar to scientists outside a particular discipline are defined in Glossary of Terms (Appendix A). 

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