Effect criterion

There are two difficulties in the application of the substituent effect criterion ... 

Effect criterion by which toxicity is estimated (e.g., mortality, growth, reproduction). Volume 1(3,10). 

Toxicity data are scaled into dimensionless hazard units, preferably based on bio-available concentrations. A hazard unit is defined as the concentration where the effect criterion (e.g., NOEC) is exceeded for 50% of all species tested, that is, the median of the toxicity data of the whole data set, IHJJ = NOECj / NOEC, for i = 1 to n compounds and for / = I to m species, with HU/ = the scaled NOECs in dimensionless hazard units (mg-L 1 / rng-E ), and NOEC, = the median NOEC for substance i. The SSDs for each compound are obtained by fitting a log-logistic or log-normal model to the log toxicity data in hazard units. For the log-normal... 

According to this method, DNA is treated with SI nuclease after hybridization and then precipitated. SI nuclease digests single-stranded DNA but not double-stranded DNA. The rigor of enzyme treatment can have a dramatic effect on the effective criterion, and it is important to establish strict control in SI nuclease assays. 

EC/Dx Concentration (dose) that affects designated effect criterion (e.g., a behavioral trait) by x% compared to the control. The EC/D50 is known as the median effective concentration (dose). The EC/D values and their 95% confidence limits are usually derived by statistical analysis of effects in several test concentrations, after a fixed period of exposure. The duration of exposure must be specified (e.g., 96-hour EC50). See also LC/Dx. 

Effect criterion The type of effect observed in a toxicity test (e.g., immobility). 

These definitions have survived the test of time because of their practical utility. Water solubility is an effective criterion because of its dependence on important chemical characteristics, such as acidic functional group content, molecular weight, aromaticity, and so on. Other terms that may not be familiar to scientists outside a particular discipline are defined in Glossary of Terms (Appendix A). 

Figure 12. Pressu re effect criterion in principal stress space.

Even if we accept that we cannot go to the Hartree-Fock Limit the question of establishing an appropriate and effective criterion for determining the combinatorial coefficients, cr, of equation (2-1) still remains with us. For this purpose, the criterion which has been used is called the Variation Method. This is a fundamental principle of Quantum Theory which we merely adopt here without proof. According to this principle, the e, are chosen in order that a certain quantity (called the Rayleigh Ratio because it is derived chiefly from the work of Lord Rayleigh at the beginning of the present century) shall be stationary with respect to variation of the cr. ... 

The smallest change that appears to be of some interest is isotopic substitution in the methyl group. The interest is in the isotope effect (for example, for CD3 transfer) to mesh our identity rate work with Schowen and co-workers (28) isotope effect criterion of transition-state looseness. Clearly, the error of the fit to the Marcus treatment (as shown in Figure 1) is well outside any conceivable isotope effect, but isotope effects should nev-... 

Therefore, this index ratio can be used as a general and effective criterion to unambiguously differentiate pyrogenic PAHs and petrogenic PAHs. The usefulness of the Pyrogenic Index in environmental forensic investigations for input of pyrogenic PAHs and spill source identification has been clearly demonstrated in several recent spill case studies. 

Influence of the Centrifugal Field on Average Cluster Sizes Centrifugal Effect Criterion for Energy Efficiency of H2S Decomposition in Plasma... 

In other words, an effective criterion (readily accessible for verification) is needed which permits establishing whether a given metric admits a required form in certain isothermic coordinates. 

The Al(III) and Ga(III) complexes of the unsymmetrical derivative of acetylacetonate (see Figure 4.7), with Rj = CFj and Rj = 2-C4H4S, undergo isomerization and racemization by a common pathway. A dissociative mechanism was suggested from the 10-fold increase in rate on changing the solvent from (CDCl2)2 to DMSO. The solvent effect criterion is a subjective one and an 8-fold change in rate between H2O and DMSO was taken to be minor for a tris-catecholate complex of Ga(in). ... 

The zinc-based cells combine atmospheric oxygen with zinc pellets to produce electricity. When all the zinc is consumed, the only by-product is zinc oxide, which is completely recyclable. The cells can be refueled in less than 10 minutes, thereby allowing the cells to be used almost constantly. This type of cell would never require shutdown for refueling purposes. Note that zinc cells offer several advantages over Li-ion batteries. First, zinc is widely available. Second, zinc is cheaper than lithium. Third, the worldwide zinc supply is enough to manufacture more than 1 billion 10 kWh zinc-air cells. By contrast, it would take roughly 180 years of hthium production to make an equivalent amount of Li-ion batteries. Fourth, most supphes of lithium are located outside of the United States, which means that Li-ion batteries would be manufactured outside of the country on the basis of cost-effective criterion. 

In his paper, Rakotomamonjy claimed that OBD was a rather effective criterion for feature selection as compared with some other feature selection criteria[l 13]. 

Public dose is the primary acceptance criterion. Designers also define subsidiary criteria, which are intended to be sufficient but not necessary to meet the primary acceptance criterion of dose. For example, prevention of fuel failures is a subsidiary effectiveness criterion for a small LOCA. These criteria may be endorsed, adopted or disputed by the regulator some are specified in regulatory documents. The subsidiary acceptance criteria defined by the designers are discussed in Section 7 for each individual accident type. 

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