Surveys ethics

Jonathan Liebenau s very general survey, Ethical business The formation of the pharmaceutical industry in Britain, Germany, and the United States before 1914 , Business History, 30 (1988), 116-129, represents an exception. It is, however, partly inaccurate. 

In in vivo studies, an important issue is the quality of ECG recordings and the methods used for the analysis. A few years ago, a survey reported on the practice in the pharmaceutical industry to assess the potential for QT prolongation and concluded that the majority view in the industry is not necessarily best practice [153]. After this publication, a lot of work has been done to improve the performance of in vivo models, although it should be acknowledged that their cost (together with some ethical considerations on the rational use of animals) makes them unsuitable for large-scale screening. 

Current surveys suggest that large numbers of college students cheat on examinations. Is cheating ethically acceptable or unacceptable Write a short paragraph explaining why or why not. 

Ziegler, S.J. and Lovrich, N.P., Jr., Pain relief, prescription drugs, and prosecution a four-state survey of chief prosecutors, J. Law Med. Ethics, 31, 75, 2003. 

A recent survey in Scotland indicated that consumers appeared to delegate responsibility for ethical issues in meat production to the meat retailer or the government (Andersen et al., 2005). This was attributed to the fact that consumers did not seem to wish to be reminded about issues connected with the animal when choosing conventionally produced or organic meat (McEachern and Schroder, 2002). Moreover, organic meat was perceived as expensive, especially when consumers did not perceive a positive difference in quality. This resulted in some consumers being more interested in conventional meats with added-value features or from animals housed under improved welfare conditions rather than organic meat. 

Cushman, T., LeBlanc, M., Porter, G. (2004). ADEID Results of a national survey of school psychologists. Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry, 6, 183—193. 

Embarking on such a journey requires a tremendous effort. Three quarters of the managers in our survey agreed that it was quite difficult to improve the performance ethic of an organization. But then, who said becoming a traly excellent company would be easy. ... 

Laird, S.A. and. Pierce, A.R. (2002). Promoting sustainable and ethical botanicals. Strategies to improve commercial raw material sourcing. Results from the sustainable botanicals pilot project. Industry surveys, case studies and standards collection. New York, Rainforest Alliance (www.rainforest-alliance.org/news/archives/news/news44.html). 

Significant deficiencies in the security and control of samples have been well documented. " " In fact, it has been estimated that just over half of samples actually reach patients. Samples may be used by prescribers and staff, or they may be diverted. Personal use of drug samples by physicians and other healthcare providers raises ethical concerns and is not without risk." Limaye and Paauw described three medical residents who self-prescribed antimicrobials and were subsequently diagnosed with Clostridium difficile infection." Tong and Lien reported self-medication with samples and distribution of samples to nonphysicians by almost 60% of pharmaceutical representatives surveyed at a Canadian family practice office. A contributing factor to some of these issues is that institutional or facility sample policy and procedures are often absent, or compliance is poor. One institution found only 10% compliance when the inventory of samples was compared with the required written documentation. Even after an educational program in which the policy was explained to the house staff, a second audit found only 26% compliance. " Poor compliance with policy and procedure may jeopardize patient safety, as well as put the institution at risk for JCAHO recommendations or Board of Pharmacy penalties. 

Schloss, J. P. (2004). Evolutionary ethics and Christian morality surveying the issues. 

Until 1986, the NSF estimates were higher than those of PMA. Because the NSF survey measures total company R D, including R D on both ethical pharmaceuticals and other lines of business, the difference is to be expected. Since 1986,... 

Louis, K. S., Swazey, J. P., and Anderson, M. S., University Policies and Ethical Issues in Graduate Research and Education Results of a Survey of Graduate School Deans, unpublished manuscript, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, and Acadia Institute, Bar Harbor, ME, 1991. 

Ethical approval for the 1998—1999 and 2000—2001 surveys was granted by the University of Tasmania Human Research Ethics Committee and for the post-intervention surveys in 2003, 2004, 2005 and 2007 by the Southern Tasmanian Health and Medical Human Research Ethics Committee and the Department of Educations Office of Educational Review. Individual informed consent was obtained from a patent/guardian of each child for all surveys. 

Synthesis articles (6-8000 words) present a survey and syntheses of the state of knowledge and key issues in a particular area of relevance to climate policy, including scientific, economic, environmental, institutional, political, social or ethical issues. 

Figure 1.5 R D expenditures, ethical pharmaceuticals, research-based pharmaceutical companies, 1980-2000. (From PhRMA Annual Survey 1997 2000 expenditure from Ernst and Young, 2001)...

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