Arithmetic mean values

The leakage factor depends on the pressure Ap,gf at which the leakage airflow rate is measured. In this case, it is the arithmetical mean value of the maximum and minimum values of the static pressure difference throughout the ductwork (Pa). 

Risk assessment pertains to characterization of the probability of adverse health effects occurring as a result of human exposure. Recent trends in risk assessment have encouraged the use of realistic exposure scenarios, the totality of available data, and the uncertainty in the data, as well as their quality, in arriving at a best estimate of the risk to exposed populations. The use of "worst case" and even other single point values is an extremely conservative approach and does not offer realistic characterization of risk. Even the use of arithmetic mean values obtained under maximum use conditions may be considered to be conservative and not descriptive of the range of exposures experienced by workers. Use of the entirety of data is more scientific and statistically defensible and would provide a distribution of plausible values. 

A number of approaches have been suggested for the determination of the molecular diffusion coefficient, D, of a component in water (Othmer and Thakar, 1953 Scheibel, 1954 Wilke and Chang, 1955 Hayduk andLaudie, 1974 Thibodeaux, 1996). Based on these five references, the diffusion coefficient ratio />/Jl2s / Dlq2 was found to vary within the interval 0.78-0.86 with an arithmetic mean value equal to 0.84. This value can be inserted in Equation (4.22) as a first estimate to determine Km. Equation (4.22) and the empirical expressions for KLC>2 outlined in Table 4.7 are the basis for the determination of the mass transfer coefficient for H2S, KL i S, and thereby, the emission of H2S from the wastewater into the sewer atmosphere. Further details relevant in this respect are dealt with in Section 4.4. 

Note In A. An arithmetic mean value given for the bonds which are equivalent under assumed C, molecular symmetry. The experimental standard deviations for individual distances are 0.004-0,005 A. 

Arithmetic mean values of the diameter, R, Kihara diametisr, and and 9 are used in the evaluation of the interaction between two o lecules A and B. These values, and an associated parameter t, are defined as... 

Ringwood) in New Jersey were studied during two summers and winters between 1981 and 1983 (Lioy et al. 1987). Each site was sampled every 24 hours for 39 consecutive days. The geometric mean nickel concentrations were 8.0-34.0, 5.0-28.0, 10.0-27.0, and 5.0-13.0 ng/m for Camden, Elizabeth, Newark, and Ringwood, respectively. The nickel levels measured in the industrial urban areas may be compared to the arithmetic mean values reported in the National Air Surveillance survey (9.6-11.0 ng/m ) for 1977-1979 (Evans et al. 1984). Summer and winter maxima in the three urban areas ranged from 24.0 to 39.0 and from 81.0 to 112.0 ng/m, respectively, and 22.0 and 32.0 ngM, respectively, for Ringwood. 

Figure 1.9 Arc energy A, nitrous oxide production S and yield y of nitrous oxides in a contactor with contacts operated in air at normal ambient pressure, switching off a three-phase system with 1000 V, 260A rms at 50cps, versus the ratio resistance R to impedance Z (or versus the phase angle

X The arithmetic mean value of a sample set of data points... 

Up to a density of about 1.0 g cm the vibrational intensity is found to be independent of the temperature and the density (or pressure). At the highest densities, B (6700-7300) slightly decreases. This behavior, which is also observed in several other near-infrared bands of CO2 (Buback et al., 1986a, 1986b), seems to indicate that repulsive interactions are becoming important in highly compressed fluid CO2. This assumption is supported by an inspection of the density dependence of the band maximum positions. In Fig. 6.2-12, the wavenumbers of maximum absorption in the P and the R branch, i>p(max) and i> (max), of the component around 4980 cm (see Fig. 6.2-8) are plotted versus the density. The arithmetic mean values of the P and R branch maxima, i> , which are shown as full circles in the lower density spectra, linearly decrease with the density. They can be... 

The concept uniformity of a material, however, has the following quantitative definition the coefficient of uniformity of a material, from the point of view of probability, is the ratio of some property (technical characteristic) of the material at a given value of probability (for a known integral distribution curve) to the arithmetic mean value of this property. 

As the diagonal elements characterise a normal stress and cancel each other out, the deviator is decisive for the shearing of a fluid element, whilst the term 1/3 SijTkk contains normal stresses equal in all directions, or so-called hydrostatic stresses. The arithmetic mean value of the three normal stresses rkk are known as the average pressure... 

In constrast to the scatter range T of individual values, the scatter range of the arithmetic mean value is denoted as confidence range Tljn. 

If a series of m arithmetic mean values /i, is determined each from n individual measurements, the following relation results for the estimator of the standard deviation of the arithmetic mean values ... 

When the inlet and outlet T s differ, what T do you use to evaluate the properties at Use arithmetic mean values for T and... 

The Tl-variables represent the generalized diffusion conductance and are related to the diffusive fluxes through the grid cell surfaces. In order to approximate these terms the gradients of the transported properties and the diffusion coefficients T are required. The property gradients are normally approximated by the central difference scheme. In a uniform grid the diffusion coefficients are obtained by linear interpolation from the node values (i.e., using arithmetic mean values) ... 

Ci = weight fraction of key constituent in the i-th spot sample c = arithmetical mean value of c for the N spot samples N = number of spot samples... 

Considering the accuracy of the graphical methods and the use of arithmetic mean values for G and ys, this is reasonable agreement. 

S (m) = arithmetic mean value of the length and width of the anode,... 

The measurement error might be divided into a direct and an alternating compmient the direct compraient corresponds to the arithmetic mean value of the error the systematic measurement error might have a direct component and an alternating compmient, the random measurement error will have an alternating component only. 

The measurement error might be described by the mean error (arithmetic mean value), the variance of the error, but also by the mean square error, the mean error power, and the root mean square error. 

Table 1 PFC in different European rivers (arithmetic mean values in ng/L n.d. — not detected [Pg.77]

The sequence of calculation for angle differences is clockwise starting from the lower left corner of one neighborhood. The feature degree is the arithmetic mean value of the eight angle differences given by ... 

Drop size distributions are often plotted as frequency v. logarithm of diameter to test the symmetry around the first arithmetic mean value or first moment m of an a.s.sumed log normal di-strihiition, which is a quite common ca.se. 

In ion chromatography data processing, the arithmetic mean is used exclusively. The arithmetic mean value x of a random test with n individual measurements Xi, X2, . , Xn is calculated according to Eq. (9.6) ... 

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