Surfactant packages

A given surfactant package characterized by a very high value of nmax will produce a highly stable foam. 

High internal phase emulsions , where the volume fraction of the dispersed phase is as high as 0.99, can be made by using appropriately chosen surfactant packages and shear forces [48]. Such emulsions can be used in applications such as the fabrication of foams [49]. This is... 

The approach was quite simple. Trial and error tests were conducted in pilot plants, eventually leading to flie selection of a convenient surfactant or surfactant package that produced an emulsion sufficiently stable to withstand shearing and storage from the field to the refinery. The emulsions were prepared in situ, by means of down-hole emulsification. A nonionic surfactant was the obvious choice since the formation water could be quite salty (53, 54, 59). 

In summary, the current research efforts of PDV are focused at reducing costs (mainly by shifting to a lower-priced surfactant package) and by increasing the product value. This last may be achieved by increasing the oil content and, hence, the calorific value. 

For ambient temperature cure applications such as industrial maintenance and marine coatings, LERs or low molecular weight SERs (type 1 resin) are dispersed in water with a surfactant package and small amounts of co-solvents... 

Importantly, a nonemulsifier surfactant must be either nonionic or anionic to keep rock water-wet. Cationic surfactants oil-wet sandstones. Compatibility with other additives must be demonstrated. Again, a nonemulsifier may already be included in a surfactant package product thus, a separate nonemulsifier would not be required. An excess amount of nonemulsifier will cause emulsions, rather than prevent them. 

Acrylic polymers are considered to be nontoxic. In fact, the FDA allows certain acrylate polymers to be used in the packaging and handling of food. However, care must be exercised because additives or residual monomers present in various types of polymers can display toxicity. For example, some acryflc latex dispersions can be mild skin or eye irritants. This toxicity is usually ascribed to the surfactants in the latex and not to the polymer itself. 

The greatest amount of surfactant consumption is in packaged soaps and detergents for household and industrial use. The remainder is used in processing textiles and leather, in ore flotation and oil-drilling operations, and in the manufacture of agricultural sprays, cosmetics, elastomers, food, lubricants, paint, pharmaceuticals, and a host of other products. 

Polyester chemistry is the same as studied by Carothers long ago, but polyester synthesis is still a very active field. New polymers have been very recently or will be soon commercially introduced PTT for fiber applications poly(ethylene naph-thalate) (PEN) for packaging and fiber applications and poly(lactic acid) (PLA), a biopolymer synthesized from renewable resources (corn syrup) introduced by Dow-Cargill for large-scale applications in textile industry and solid-state molding resins. Polyesters with unusual hyperbranched architecture also recently appeared and are claimed to find applications as crosstinkers, surfactants, or processing additives. 

Yang et al. [389] rapidly distinguished compounds extracted from paper, using on-line SFE-SFC-FHR in conjunction with principal component analysis. The quantitative determination of the surfactant mixture Triton X-100 and other complex oligoether surfactants by means of cSFC-FTIR flow-cells has been reported [390,391]. Practical applications of SFC-FTIR include the determination of nonvolatile compounds from microwave-susceptible packaging that may migrate into heated food. Another application is the analysis of fibre finishes on fibre/textile matrices. 

ICI Surfactants - Polymer Additives Group, Antifog Agents for Agricultural and Food Packaging Films. Brochure 90-5E (1998). 

Fromherz s model considers a spherical micelle where the surfactants are arranged in parallel forming a packaging without tensions and without contact with the water, in which the heads of the surfactants are as separated as possible [20], The surfactant chains, in the region of the heads, are bent to lower electrostatic repulsion as much as possible. Figure 3 shows a cross-section of this model of micelle. 

To put things in perspective, let us consider the cost breakdown of a typical hair care product. The surfactant, polymer and other raw materials constitute around 10% of the producer price. Other costs include processing at around 5-10%, packaging at around 10-15%, administration and R D at around 5-10%, and... 

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