Surface waves previous work

In previous work (Chems and Jiao, 2001) dislocations with [0001]-line directions were aligned parallel to the electron beam, which is adequate to maximize the contribution of the line charge to the phase shift of the electron wave. However, the formation of pits at the intersection line of the dislocation with the surface due to ion etching of the sample is difficult to avoid and to detect. By analyzing embedded dislocations, thickness modifications, which also shift the phase with respect to the surrounding material according to Eq.(2), can be eliminated definitely. In addition, dynamical contributions to the phase shift are more difficult to exclude if... 

Chirlian and Francl evaluated the electric potential at a selected number of points around the molecule. The points were chosen in spherical shells, 1 A apart, with 14 nearly symmetrically placed points around each atom. The total number of points was selected so that a region extending to 3 A from the van der Waals surface was considered, typically 100-300 points. Although the authors did not make detailed comparisons with previous work, their results appear to generally agree well with those molecules also considered using 6-31G wave-... 

The work presented here was motivated by two factors. First, It had been assvimed that polymer films used In previous sensor applications were above their T. at the SAW operating temperature. If the Tg of a given polymer film increases significantly due to effects of the hl frequency surface wave, then the elastic properties of the film must be taken Into consideration idien Interpreting sensor responses. Second, since frequency measurements with the SAW device are Inherently more sensitive than asiplltude measurements, such measurements may prove useful In the area of materials characterization. The following experiments were performed to verify this potential and to Investigate the possible effect of elastic properties on sensor responses. 

A similar process, to the one used for incident wave has been developed for the pressure loading on a surface. A first approach was proposed in a previous work in which the pressure loading was modeled. The damping coefficient kr was calculated according to... 

Since micro-gravimetry with the EQCM lacks specificity only the difference of cation and anion fluxes can be obtained by microgravimetry and therefore an independent measurement of specific ions is needed. Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) coupled with a quartz crystal microbalance with independent potential control of the tip and substrate has been recently done by Cliffel and Bard [28]. In this experiment generation at the substrate (EQCM crystaj) working electrode and collection at the tip of an ultramicroelectrode (UNE) that was approached perpendicular to the EQCM crystal was employed with measurement of A/. Hillier and Ward [8] had previously used a scanning microelectrode to map the mass sensitivity across the surface of the QCM crystal. Reflection of longitudinal waves at the UME tip limits these experiments due to oscillations. 

Fleischmann et al. [549] studied the electro-oxidation of a series of amines and alcohols at Cu, Co, and Ag anodes in conjunction with the previously described work for Ni anodes in base. In cyclic voltammetry experiments, conducted at low to moderate sweep rates, organic oxidation waves were observed superimposed on the peaks associated with the surface transitions, Ni(II) - Ni(III), Co(II) -> Co(III), Ag(I) - Ag(II), and Cu(II) - Cu(III). These observations are in accord with an electrogenerated higher oxide species chemically oxidizing the organic compound in a manner similar to eqns. (112) (114). For alcohol oxidation, the rate constants decreased in the order kCn > km > kAg > kCo. Fleischmann et al. [549] observed that the rate of anodic oxidations increases across the first row of the transition metals series. These authors observed that the products of their electrolysis experiments were essentially identical to those obtained in heterogeneous reactions with the corresponding bulk oxides. 

The general theory of rhombic patterns recently developed by Gunaratne [13,47] has resolved some mysteries around our previous reports of a mixed state , which is now realized to be a type of rhombic patterns [46]. Our experimental results on rhombic pattern formation and selection are in good accord with the theory [13, 47]. Rhombic patterns should occur widely in other nonequilibrium systems, including surface tension driven convection, ferrofluids, Rayleigh-B nard convection, and driven capillary waves, but we know of no other laboratory studies of rhombic patterns. We hope that our work will stimulate a search for rhombic patterns in other systems. 

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