Surface chemistry overview

This chapter concludes our discussion of applications of surface chemistry with the possible exception of some of the materials on heterogeneous catalysis in Chapter XVIII. The subjects touched on here are a continuation of Chapter IV on surface films on liquid substrates. There has been an explosion of research in this subject area, and, again, we are limited to providing just an overview of the more fundamental topics. 

Apart from manifold structures, carbons can have various shapes, forms, and textures, including powders with different particle size distributions, foams, whiskers, foils, felts, papers, fibers [76, 77], spherical particles [76] such as mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB s) [78], etc. Comprehensive overviews are given, for example in [67, 71, 72], Further information on the synthesis and structures of carbonaceous materials can be found in [67, 70, 72, 75, 79]. Details of the surface composition and surface chemistry of carbons are reviewed in Chapter II, Sec. 8, and in Chapter III, Sec. 6, of this handbook. Some aspects of surface chemistry of lithiated carbons will also be discussed in Sec. 5.2.2.3. 

Surface science studies have generated much insight into how hydrocarbons react on the surfaces of platinum single crystals. We refer to Somorjai [G.A. Somor-jai. Introduction to Surface Chemistry and Catalysis (1994), Wiley, New York] for a detailed overview. Also, the reactions of hydrocarbons on acidic sites of alumina or on zeolites have been studied in great detail [H. van Bekkum, E.M. Flanigan and J.C. Jansen (Eds.), Introduction to Zeolite Science and Practice (1991), Elsevier, Amsterdam],... 

D.C. Meier, X. Lai, and D.W. Goodman, Surface chemistry of model oxide-supported metal catalysts An overview of gold on Titania, in Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, eds. A.F. Carley et al. Kluwer, New York, 2002, pp. 147-189. 

Chemistry is involved at every stage of the process, including the chemistry of inorganic pigments and organic resins, colloid and surface chemistry, as well as elements of environmental and analytical chemistry. The Chemistry of Paper provides an informative and entertaining overview of the chemical principles involved. It will be especially suitable to students and others who require an introduction to the chemistry of paper manufacture. 

Harkness RE, Berkas WR, Norbeck SW, Robinson SM (2000) Water Resources Data, North Dakota, Water Year 1999, Vol. 1 Surface Water. USGS Water Resources of North Dakota ND-99-1 Harrison TM, Copeland P, Kidd WSF, Yin A (1992) Raising Tibet. Science 255 1663-1670 Holmes JA, Chivas AR (2002) Ostracod shell chemistry - Overview. In The Ostracoda Applications in Quaternary Research. Holmes JA, Chivas AR (ed) AGU Geophysical Monograph 131 185-204 Hoppe KA (2006) Correlation between the oxygen isotope ratio of North American bison teeth and local waters Implications for paleoclimatic reconstructions. Earth Planet Sci Lett 244 408-417... 

Amidocarbonylation aldehydes, 11, 512 enamides, 11, 514 overview, 11, 511-555 Amido complexes with bis-Cp titanium, 4, 579 Group 4, surface chemistry on oxides, 12, 515 Group 5, surface chemistry on oxides, 12, 524 with molybdenum mono-Cp, 5, 556 with mono-Cp titanium(IV) alkane elimination, 4, 446 amine elimination, 4, 442 characteristics, 4, 413 via dehalosilylation reactions, 4, 448 HCL elimination, 4, 446 metathesis reactions, 4, 438 miscellaneous reactions, 4, 448 properties, 4, 437... 

In this chapter the focus will be on the application of electrical fields in microreactors, and the potential of such systems for chemical synthesis will be outlined. The end of the chapter will give an overview of less-studied concepts, like electronic control of surface chemistry, and will discuss the opportunities offered by nanotechnology for achieving such control. 

Morse J.W. (1986) The surface chemistry of carbonate minerals in natural waters An overview. Mar. Chem. 20, 91-112. 

This completes our necessarily cursory overview. Other speakers at this symposium will address several of these topics in detail--including the ancient and fascinating problem of charge exchange between dielectrics (143). By way of conclusion, we outline some problems in surface chemistry and physics whose understanding will advance the field of electrophotography. 

Although numerous reviews on the characteristics of carbonaceous materials have been published [51-54,59-63], in this chapter we focus on a detailed description of carbon surface chemistry and its importance for catalytic processes and those involving reactive adsorption. Thus, the classification of surface groups is followed by an overview of methods of surface modification and characterization, with a brief description and examples of their role in reactive adsorption and catalysis. 

The most used materials for electrochemical double layer capacitors are activated carbons, because they are commercially available and cheap, and they can be produced with large specific surface area. In addition to the nanotextural properties, the chemical properties of carbons will determine their efficiency as electrodes. In the present section, an overview of the influence of the porous texture and surface chemistry of carbons on their electrochemical parameters, as capacitance or power density, is presented. 

It is also convenient to combine studies of polymer interactions with solid substrates with studies of the adsorption characteristics of the organic components themselves. Such an approach has much to offer in adhesion research and the basis of studies of adsorption from a liquid phase and its applicability in adhesion has been discussed in detail elsewhere [7] so it will not be treated in depth here. A brief overview will, however, provide a background to this approach. The determination of gas-phase adsorption isotherms is a well-known methodology in surface chemistry in this manner it is possible to describe adsorption as following Langmuir or other characteristic adsorption types. The conventional method of studying the adsorption of molecules from the liquid phase is to establish the depletion of the adsorbate molecule from the liquid phase. However, as first pointed out by Castle and Bailey [8], with the advent of surface analysis methods it is now... 

On that basis, the book intends to bridge current issues, aspects and interests from fundamental research to technical apphcations. In seven chapters, the reader will find an arrangement of latest results on fundamental aspects of adhesion, on adhesion in biology, on chemistry for adhesive formulation, on surface chemistry and pretreatment of adherends, on mechanical issues, non-destructive testing and durability of adhesive joints, and on advanced technical applications of adhesive joints. Prominent scientists review the current state of knowledge about the role of chemical bonds in adhesion, about new resins and nanocomposites for adhesives, and about the role of macromolecular architecture for the properties of hot melt and pressure sensitive adhesives. Thus, insight into detailed results and broader overviews as well can be gained from the book. 

However, the success of such systems depends on both the IL and the nature of the (porous) support. Authors focus more on the design of the IL properties than on the porous system of the desired support. However, the properties of the support are of paramount importance for the successful implementation of those concepts in any heterogeneous systems. Therefore, this overview focuses mainly on two things, namely, the structural aspects of the porous systems and the surface chemistry of the most important siHcate-based support materials. In addition, we provide typical examples where inorganic materials have been used as supports for various ILs. 

Professor Doron Aurbach of Bar-Ilan University, Israel, contribute Chap. 6, which provides a review of the surface chemistry of cathode materials including transition metal spinel, transition metal layer, transition metal phosphate, and oxygen cathode materials in nonaqueous electrolytes. Dr. Jordi Cabana of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory wrote Chap. 7, which provides an overview of the experimental tools and the kind of information they can offer with representative examples in the literature. It is important to recognize that no single technique can currently provide the answers to these complex interfacial phenomena in Li and Li-ion batteries. 

The versatility of plasma-based treatments allows the design of special function-oriented surfaces for medical devices, which are presented next. An overview of the plasma-based thin films and surface treatments is included for a number of applications ranging from the improvement of mechanical properties and the modification of the surface chemistry of materials to regulate the interaction with living tissues, diagnostics, and drug delivery. 

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