Superoxide anion generation

Shimomura, O., Wu, C., Murai, A., and Nakamura, H. (1998). Evaluation of five imidazopyrazinone-type chemiluminescent superoxide probes and their application to the measurement of superoxide anion generated by Listeria monocytogenes. Anal. Biochem. 258 230-235. 

Tumour necrosis factor provokes superoxide anion generation from neutrophils. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 137, 1094-1100. 

Abramson, S., Hofistein, S.T. and Weissmann, G. (1982). Superoxide anion generation by human neutrophils exposed to monosodium urate. Effect of protein adsorption and complement activation. Arth. Rheum. 25, 174-180. 

In Malaysia, a paste of the roots is applied to fingers to treat eruptions. The plant is known contain some sesquiterpene lactones including neolinderane, zeylanine, zey-lanicine and zeylanidine (59-61), the potential of which as an inhibitor of NOS would be worth investigation because pseudoneolinderane and linderalactone inhibited the production of superoxide anion generation by human neutrophils in response to fMLP/CB. The IC50 values for pseudoneolinderane and linderalactonewere 3.21 and 8.48 (xg/mL, respectively (62). 

K. Tanaka, F. Kobayashi, Y. Isogai, and T. Iizuka, Electrochemical determination of superoxide anions generated from a single neutrophil. Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg. 26, 413—421 (1991). 

Johnson, I J, Gandhidasan, R, Murugesan, R. Cytotoxicity and superoxide anion generation by some naturally occurring quinones [[]. >Free Radical Biology Medicine, (1999). 

Research Focus Preparation of superoxide anions generated using water-soluble fullerenes by irradiating with ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) light. 

Initial anticancer activity of superoxide anions generated from fullerenes appear favorable. 

Aburatubolactam A (91) and C (92) were isolated from the culture broth of Streptomyces sp recovered from a mollusk. X-ray diffraction studies established the structure of aburatubolactam A which was reported to inhibit TPA-induced superoxide anion generation by human neutrophils [149]. Aburatubolactam C appears to be cytotoxic for various proliferating tumor cells of human and murine origin (0.3-5.8 ig/ml) via apoptotic DNA fragmentation [150,151]. 

The evidence for this reaction is that when solutions of hemoglobin are subjected to a flux of superoxide anions generated either photochemically or by radio-... 

Scavenging Activity of Various Antioxidants at 80 ]iM Each Against Superoxide Anions Generated by the Phenazine Methosulfate-NADH System... 

Interception by various antioxidants of superoxide anions generated by the catalytic action of xanthine oxidase in converting xanthine to uric acid. 

Nishikimi M (1975) Oxidation of ascorbic acid with superoxide anion generated by the xanthine-xanthine oxidase system. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 63 463-468 Niu QJ, Mendenhall GD (1992) Yields of singlet molecular oxygen from peroxyl radical termination. J Am Chem Soc 114 165-172... 

Dipyridamole has also been shown to have antioxidant effects (19). Antioxidants act to remove harmful reactive-oxygen species and protect low-density lipoproteins (LDL) from oxidation oxidized LDL plays a key role in the development and propagation of atherosclerosis. The antioxidant effects of dipyridamole may be both direct (by scavenging oxygen and hydroxyl radicals, inhibiting lipid peroxidation and oxidative modification of LDL) (20-22) and indirect (via adenosine, which reduces superoxide anion generation). Dipyridamole has been shown to be a more effective anioxidant than ascorbic acid, alpha-tocopherol, or probucol (22). 

Yamada, K., Iijumi, Y., Tsuji, T., Yamada, K., Tomono, Y., and Uemura, D., Aburatobolactam, a novel inhibitor of superoxide anion generation from a marine microorganism, Heterocyclic Comm., 2, 315, 1996. 

Fluvastatin (Fig. 21) is a member of the drug class of statins used to treat hypercholesterolemia and to prevent cardiovascular disease. It is able to decrease ROS, such as hydroxyl radicals and superoxide anions generated by the Fenton reaction, and by the xanthine-xanthine oxidase system. The an-tioxidative effect of fluvastatin was thought to have caused not only the scav-... 

Nagata, M., Sedgwick, J. B., Bates, M. E Kita, H and Busse, W. W. (1995) Eosinophil adhesion to vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 activates superoxide anion generation. J. Immunol. 155, 2194-2202. 

OPC-15161, 3-[(5-isobutyl-3-methoxy-4-oxido-6-oxo-l,6-dihydropyrazine-2-yl)methyl]indole (X-ray confirmation), a Thielavia sp fungus metabolite inhibitor of superoxide anion generation [121071-92-9],1166... 

Figure 11.7. Reactions of nitric oxide involving sulfhydryl groups, a Hypothetical mechanism of nitrosothiol formation. The superoxide anion generated may reaet with a seeond moleeule of NO to yield peroxynitrite. b Migration of nitroso groups between sulfhydryls. This is experimentally illustrated in Figure 11.9b.

The antimalarial activity of the linear coumarinolignan, grewin (18), was evaluated on cultures of Plasmodium falciparum clones D6 and W2 and it displayed weak antimalarial activity with no discernible cytotoxicity (69). Cleomiscosin A (9) and aquillochin (7), isolated as major constitutents from the heartwood of Acer nikoense, exhibited moderately potent vasorelaxant effects in the rat aorta using nor-epinephrine-stimulated and high K" -depolarized preparations (18). (7 S,8 S)-4 -0-Methyl-cleomiscosin D (29) and cleomiscosin D (11), isolated from Zan-thoxylum avicennae, were found to inhibit superoxide anion generation by human neutrophils in response to formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine/cytochlasin B (52). 

Aburatubolactams Streptomyces sp. Inhibitors of superoxide anion generation... 

Moy, J.N., Gleich, G. and Thomas, L.L. (1990). Noncytotoxic activation of neutrophils by eosinophil granule major basic protein effect on superoxide anion generation and lysosomal enzyme release. J. Immunol. 145, 2626. 

Rankin, J.A., Harris, P. and Ackerman, S.J. (1992). The efiects of eosinophil-granule major basic protein on lung-macrophage superoxide anion generation. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 89, 746-751. 

Artocarpol A (797) was first reported to inhibit superoxide formation in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate stimulated rat neutrophils in a concentration-dependent manner (ICso 13.7 /M). It also significantly inhibited TNF-ot formation in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells [347]. But surprisingly, further investigation revealed that artocarpol A (797) alone could stimulate superoxide anion generation through the activation... 

As acute strenuous exercise and chronic exercise training increase the requirement for various antioxidants, it is conceivable that dietary supplementation of specific antioxidants would be beneficial. Older subjects may be more susceptible to oxidative stress and may benefit from the antioxidant protection provided by vitamin E. During severe oxidative stress such as strenuous exercise, the enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant systems of skeletal muscle are not able to cope with the massive free-radical formation, which results in an increase in lipid peroxidation. Vitamin E decreases exercise-induced lipid peroxidation. The exercise may increase superoxide anion generation in the heart, and the increase in the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in skeletal muscle may be... 

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