Sulfur compounds mustard

Carbon disulfide [75-15-0] (carbon bisulfide, dithiocarbonic anhydride), CS2, is a toxic, dense liquid of high volatiUty and fiammabiUty. It is an important industrial chemical and its properties are well estabUshed. Low concentrations of carbon disulfide naturally discharge into the atmosphere from certain soils, and carbon disulfide has been detected in mustard oil, volcanic gases, and cmde petroleum. Carbon disulfide is an unintentional by-product of many combustion and high temperature industrial processes where sulfur compounds are present. 

TRADE NAME AND SYNONYMS T Sulfur Mustard (Vesicant) CHEMICAL FAMILY Chlorinated Sulfur Compound FORMULA/CHEMICAL STRUCTURE C8H16C120S2... 

The analysis of chemical munitions, including their precursors and degradation products, is an important element of verification used to enforce the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). The CWC that entered into force in 1997 prohibits the development, production, stockpiling, and use of chemical weapons including sulfur compounds such as mustard gas. 

Sulfur compounds, especially mustard, were manufactured and tested in large quantities. Sulfur has not been sampled except for a few random areas, and at those sites, it has been found. It is highly likely that sulfur is a problematic constituent at the AUES. One resident has been noted by his physician to be immune to a sulfur-containing drug prescribed for him. The physician suggested that he must have been exposed to large quantities of sulfur over a period of time to develop such an immunity. 

Naturally occurring sulfur-containing compounds are found especially in the cruciferous vegetables, such as broccoli, brussels sprouts, cabbage, kale, and tnmips (Brassica spp.), and the onion Allium spp.) and mustard (Sinapis spp.) families. The sulfur compounds in these groups are slightly different and, consequently, each has specific health benefits. 

A long-established procedure for the determination of sulfur dioxide is the Monier-Williams method in which sulfur dioxide is distilled from an acidified solution and the vapor passes through U-tubes containing hydrogen peroxide which oxidizes it to sulfuric acid. The acidity produced is then titrated with dilute standard alkali. This procedure is preferred to an iodimetric titration when volatile sulfur compounds are present as in mustard, onion, and horseradish. Sulfur dioxide may also be... 

We have previously reported on the excellent properties of the mustard-type sulfur compound 12 (Fig. 11.3) as a scaffold for the synthesis of functional molecules. The nucleophilic displacement of the chlorides in 12 occurs in high efficiency with a variety of nucleophiles using on water conditions. These reactions occur via episulfonium ion intermediates, and are therefore uniquely assisted by the aqueous medium. ... 

Plants can also be pests that need to be controlled, particulady noxious weeds infesting food crops. Prior to 1900, inorganic compounds such as sulfuric acid, copper nitrate, sodium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, and potassium salts were used to selectively control mustards and other broadleaved weeds in cereal grains. By the early 1900s, Kainite and calcium cyanamid were also used in monocotyledenous crops, as well as iron sulfate, copper sulfate, and sodium arsenate. Prom 1915 to 1925, acid arsenical sprays, carbon bisulfate, sodium chlorate, and others were introduced for weed control use. Total or nonselective herbicides kill all vegetation, whereas selective compounds control weeds without adversely affecting the growth of the crop (see Herbicides). 

In the period following World War I and during World War II, a wide variety of sulfur analogues of mustard were investigated and many potent vesicants were discovered. Each had two 2-chloroethyi groups attached to a sulfur atom. Examples of such compounds are... 

The hydrolysis of VX and GB in hot sodium hydroxide solution and of mustard in hot water results in the formation of complex organic compounds. These molecules contain heteroatoms such as sulfur, chlorine, fluorine, and phosphorus, which, when oxidized, form acids. The excess sodium hydroxide present in the hydrolysate neutralizes these acids to form salts. For example, the following reactions are likely ... 

A number of volatile aliphatic compounds that contain nitrogen or sulfur atoms are important aroma constituents. Alkyl thiols, dialkyl sulfides and disulfides, and alkyl thiocyanates belong to this group. They occur widely in foods and spices and determine the odor of, for example, onions, garlic, and mustard. Because of their potent smell, they are used in high dilution and are often produced only in small quantities. The same is true for the following ... 

Among the most biologically reactive alkylating agents are the nitrogen and sulfur "mustards" such as bis-(2-chloroethyl)sulfide. These toxic bifunctional compounds cause lethal crosslinking of DNA chains... 

---