SULFONIC SALTS

Sulfonic salts are not amenable to ionization by conventional mass spectrometric methods which require prior thermal volatilization of the samples. Two routes were envisaged to overcome the volatility problem either the sulfonic acid salt was chemically converted to a volatile derivative, e.g. chloride or ester, whose mass spectrometric 

A comparative study of the potential of FD, FAB and desorption chemical ionization (DCI) techniques for the analysis of linear alkanesulfonate and alkylbenzenesulfonate 

The absence of fragment ions characterized the thermal surface ionization mass spectra of the sodium salts of alkylbenzenesulfonic acids24. The observed [nM + Na]+ ions, m = 1—2, were suggested to derive from a stepwise process involving evaporation of neutral clustered molecules followed by ionization and dissociation on the surface of the hot wire. 

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Nitdles may be prepared by several methods (1). The first nitrile to be prepared was propionitdle, which was obtained in 1834 by distilling barium ethyl sulfate with potassium cyanide. This is a general preparation of nitriles from sulfonate salts and is referred to as the Pelou2e reaction (2). Although not commonly practiced today, dehydration of amides has been widely used to produce nitriles and was the first commercial synthesis of a nitrile. The reaction of alkyl hahdes with sodium cyanide to produce nitriles (eq. 1) also is a general reaction with wide appHcabiUty ... 

Modem analytical techniques have been developed for complete characteri2ation and evaluation of a wide variety of sulfonic acids and sulfonates. The analytical methods for free sulfonic acids and sulfonate salts have been compiled (28). Titration is the most straightforward method of evaluating sulfonic acids produced on either a laboratory or an iadustrial scale (29,30). Spectroscopic methods for sulfonic acid analysis iaclude ultraviolet spectroscopy, iafrared spectroscopy, and and nmr spectroscopy (31). Chromatographic separation techniques, such as gc and gc/ms, are not used for free... 

Sulfonate (Salt of eulfonlc acid) 303" Ci2H2sS03Na Sodium dodecyl sulfonate (Sodium salt of dodecylsulfonlc acid)... 

An amine-terminated polyoxyalkylene having an average molecular weight from about 600 to about 10,000 can be acylated with a succinic acylating agent (e.g., hexadecenyl succinic anhydride or a Diels-Alder diacid) obtained from an unsaturated fatty acid [628,629] similarly, alkyl-aryl sulfonate salts [1319] can be used in lubrication. 

R. A. Grey. Process for preparing alternating copolymers of olefini-cally unsaturated sulfonate salts and unsaturated dicarboxylic acid anhydrides. Patent US 5210163, 1993. 

This is converted by methyl iodide to the quaternary salt which is converted to the p-chlorobenzene sulfonate salt (73) for pharmacological purposes. 

The reactivity of these tricyclic compounds has been investigated in detail. Reaction of these with sodium cyanoborohydride in acetic acid reduces the imine double bonds to give the tetrahydro-derivatives, for example, 37 gives 39. Reaction of 37 with sodium methoxide results in the ring-opened sulfonate salt 40 re-acidification of this salt gives the corresponding sulfonic acid which cyclizes back to the tricycle 37. Further heating of the sulfonic acid... 

The N-3 position of uracil also can be modified with carbodiimide reagents. In particular, the water-soluble carbodiimide CMC [l-cyclohexyl-3-(2-morpholinoethyl) carbodiimide, as the metho p-toluene sulfonate salt] can react with the N-3 nitrogen at pH 8 to give an unstable, charged adduct. The derivative is reversible at pH 10.5, regenerating the original nucleic acid base (Figure 1.47). Cytosine is unreactive in this process. 

Flame retardant sulfonate salt polycarbonate resin gives a UL-94 rating of V-0 at 1/16 inch thickness. At 1/32 inch thickness, however, the product drips to give a V-2 rating. The addition of 3% brominated phosphate renders the product V-0 at 1/32 inch thick (Table III). 

FMF Chen, NL Benoiton. Hydrochloride salts of benzyl esters from p-toluene-sulfonate salts. Int J Pept Prot Res 27, 221, 1986. 

Selenoxides are protonated by sulfonic acids and the corresponding hydro-xyselenonium sulfonate salts are soluble oxidants for the oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides.Chlorooxaselenuranes have also been used for the oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides. ... 

In further studies on thiabenzenes, Mislow and co-workers (170) demonstrated that deprotonation of optically active 2-chloro-lO-(2,5-xylyl)-10 thioxanthenium perchlorate 132, resolved via the (+> camphor-10-sulfonate salt, affords optically active 2-chloro-10-(2,5-xylyOthiaanthracene 133, which subsequently rearranges to the corresponding 9-substituted thioxanthene. 

Pinkston et al. [65] showed that the addition of low levels of ammonium salts to the modifiers allows the separation of polar and even ionic solutes such as sulfonate salts. 

One major drawback of these sulfonate salts is their poor ion conductivity in nonaqueous solvents as compared with other salts. In fact, among all the salts listed in Table 3, LiTf affords the lowest conducting solution. This is believed to be caused by the combination of its low dissociation constant in low dielectric media and its moderate ion mobil-ityi29 3 compared with those of other salts. Serious ion pairing in LiTf-based electrolytes is expected, especially when solvents of low dielectric constant such as ethers are used. ... 

In a different approach [11] to access pure products, the use of strong oleum (65% SO3) for sulfonation of PPh3 resulted in quantitative formation of TPPTS oxide. This was converted to the ethyl suhbester through the reaction of an intermediate silver sulfonate salt (isolated) with iodoethane. Reduction with SiHCls in toluene/THF afforded tris(3-ethylsulfonatophenyl)phosphine which was finally converted to pure 3 with NaBr in wet acetone. In four steps the overall yield was 40% (for PPhs) which compares fairly with other procedures to obtain pure TPPTS. Since phosphine oxides are readily available from easily formed quaternary phosphonium salts this method potentially allows preparation of a variety of sulfonated phosphines (e.g. (CH3)P(C6H4-3-S03Na)2). 

Hydration gives rise to effects on pore filling and the consequent enhancement of mechanical performance (low-porosity pastes are stronger than high-porosity ones). The first fast hydration step is followed by a relatively dormant period that may last 6 months or more, depending on temperature, particle size, and aqueous phase composition. In order to control the hydration step, alkyl sulfonate salts surface-active substances (SAS) are used. 

The earliest known published reference to the use of small amounts of organic materials to increase the fluidity of cement containing compositions, was made in 1932 [1] where polymerized naphthalene formaldehyde sulfonate salts were claimed as useful in this role. This was followed during the mid 1930s to early 1940s by numerous disclosures regarding the use of lignosulfonates and improved compositions [2-9]. 

The sulfonate salts of the --deficient heterocycles will undergo many reactions typical of arenesulfonates, such as displacement by hydroxide, on fusion with alkali (e.g. Scheme 129), or by cyanide on fusion with potassium or sodium cyanide. Also, the sulfonation of pyridine is reversible when pyridine-3-sulfonic acid is heated with 100% sulfuric acid and mercury(II) sulfate at approximately 330 °C a mixture is obtained containing mainly pyridine (58RTC963). 

Title Use of Copolymerizable Sulfonate Salts to Promote Char Formation in Polyesters and Copolyesters... 

A particularly photosensitive oxime sulfonate surface coating composition was prepared by this group (5) consisting of an oxime tetrabutylammonium sulfonate salt, (VI), which had an E0 of 0.17 mJ/cm2. 

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