Sulfonic acid compounds

Amination. The process of making an amine (RNH2) is generally referred to as amination. The methods commonly used are (a) reduction of a nitro compound and (b) action of ammonia on a chloro-, hydroxy-, or sulfonic acid compound. 

HSOJ, indicating that ammonia is not involved in the rate-determining step. " If the starting compound is a p-naphthol, the intermediate is a 2-keto-4-sulfonic acid compound, so the sulfur of the bisulfite in either case attacks meta to the OH or... 

Sakashita, T. Shimoda, T. Catalytic Melt Preparation of Polycarbonate with Subsequent Addition of Sulfonic Acid Compound US Patent 5,306,801, April 26, 1994. 

Substituted Benzamldlnes - Plasmin and other trypsin-like esterases require specific inhibitors, as exemplified by the broad specificity of some of the sulfonic acid compounds. Substituted benzamldlnes provide potent and specific plasmin inhibitorsCompounds such as (8), inhibit plasmin and complement Cl-esterase,... 

T. Sakashita, T. Shimoda, and K. Kishimura, Copolymeric polycarbonate compositions containing a sulfonic acid compound, U.S. Patent 5,470,938 (1995). 

Sulfonic acids can come from the sulfonation of oil cuts from white oil production by sulfuric acid treatment. Sodium salts of alkylaromatic sulfonic acids are compounds whose aliphatic chains contain around 20 carbon atoms. The aromatic ring compounds are mixtures of benzene and naphthalene rings. 

Thiazole sulfonic acid reacts with nucleophiles leading to the corresponding 2-substituted compounds (140. 141, and 142) (Scheme 73) (39, 334). 

Sulfonation (Section 12 4) Sulfonic acids are formed when aromatic compounds are treated with sources of sulfur trioxide These sources can be concentrated sulfuric acid (for very reactive arenes) or solutions of sulfur trioxide in sulfuric acid (for ben zene and arenes less reactive than ben zene)... 

Section 15 13 Thiols are compounds of the type RSH They are more acidic than alco hols and are readily deprotonated by reaction with aqueous base Thiols can be oxidized to sulfemc acids (RSOH) sulfimc acids (RSO2H) and sulfonic acids (RSO3H) The redox relationship between thiols and disul tides IS important m certain biochemical processes... 

Acid rhodamines are made by the iatroduction of the sulfonic acid group to the aminoxanthene base. The preferred route is the reaction fluorescein (2) with phosphorous pentachloride to give 3,6-dichlorofluoran (fluorescein dichloride) (23), which is then condensed with a primary aromatic amine in the presence of 2inc chloride and quicklime. This product is then sulfonated. For example, if compound (23) (fluorescein dichloride) is condensed with aniline and the product is sulfonated. Acid Violet 30 Cl45186) (24) is produced. 

Sulfonic acid hydrazides, RSO2NHNH2, are prepared by the reaction of hydraziae and sulfonyl haUdes, generally the chloride RSO2CI. Some of these have commercial appHcations as blowiag agents. As is typical of hydrazides generally, these compounds react with nitrous acid to form azides (26), which decompose thermally to the very reactive, electron-deficient nitrenes (27). The chemistry of sulfonic acid hydrazides and their azides has been reviewed (87). 

Each isomer has its individual set of physical and chemical properties however, these properties are similar (Table 6). The fundamental chemical reactions for pentanes are sulfonation to form sulfonic acids, chlorination to form chlorides, nitration to form nitropentanes, oxidation to form various compounds, and cracking to form free radicals. Many of these reactions are used to produce intermediates for the manufacture of industrial chemicals. Generally the reactivity increases from a primary to a secondary to a tertiary hydrogen (37). Other properties available but not Hsted are given in equations for heat capacity and viscosity (34), and saturated Hquid density (36). 

This article focuses on the commercial, ethylene-based ionomers and includes information on industrial uses and manufacture. The fluorinated polymers used as membranes are frequently included in ionomer reviews. Owing to the high concentration of polar groups, these polymers are generally not melt processible and are specially designed for specific membrane uses (see Fluorine compounds, organic—perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids Membrane technology). 

Orthoesters. The value of cycHc orthoesters as intermediates for selective acylation of carbohydrates has been demonstrated (73). Treatment of sucrose with trimethylorthoacetate and DMF in the presence of toluene-/)-sulfonic acid followed by acid hydrolysis gave the 6-0-acetylsucrose as the major and the 4-0-acetylsucrose [63648-80-6] as the minor component. The latter compound underwent acetyl migration from C-4 to C-6 when treated with an organic base, such as / fZ-butylamine, in DMF to give sucrose 6-acetate in >90% yield (74). When the kinetic reagent 2,2-dimethoxyethene was used,... 

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